Exam 1 Articulation and Phonological

What is the first step in the speech chain

Linguistic Level

What is the second step in the speech chain

Physiological Level

What is the third step in the speech chain

Acoustic Level

What is the fourth step in the speech chain

Physiological level

What is the fifth step in the speech chain

Lingustic Level

Communication

• process of sharing information between individuals (two or more people sharing info. including facts, thoughts, ideas and feelings.)

Speech is divided into

Articulation, Fluency, and Voice

Parameters/Subdivisions of Language

Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics

Phonology

the study of the sound system of language and includes the rules that govern its spoken form.

Morphology

studies the structure of words; analyzes how words can be divided into parts labeled morphemes.

Prefixes, Suffixes

Morpheme

the smallest meaningful unit of a language.

Syntax

consists of organizational rules denoting word, phrase, and clause order; sentence organization and the relationship between words; word classes; and other sentence elements.

Ex: “I eat like to really chocolate.”

Semantics

The study of linguistic meaning and includes the meaning of words.

Some words have more than one meaning (such as “bat”)

Pragmatics

the social use of language

Ex: Interviews vs talking to friends

Articulation

refers to the totality of motor movements involved in production of the actual sounds that comprise speech

Phonetics

the study of speech emphasizing the description and classification of speech sounds according to their production, transmission, and perceptual features.

Speech sounds

represent physical sound realities; they are end products of articulatory motor processes.

Phonemes

the smallest linguistic unit that is able to distinguish meaning between words. Is a linguistic concept, not a physical reality

Phonotactics

refers to the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language.

Articulation Disorders

When an individual’s articulation deviates significantly from the norm; the atypical production of speech sounds characterized that may interfere with intelligibility

SODA for articulation

substitutions, omissions, distortions, and additions

Phonologial Disorder

refers to impaired comprehension of the sound system of a language and the rules that govern the sound combinations.

SSA for Phonological Disorder

Assimilation, Syllable, Subsition

Broad Transcription

symbols representing target sounds in a speech sample

Narrow Transcription

includes broad transcription symbols & symbols that describe slight variations in the production of target sounds.

Phonetic categories to characterize consonants:

Place, Manner, Voice

Manner

The way airflow is modied as it passes through the vocal tract to create a sound

Place

The location where the speech sound is produced

Voicing

Whether the vocal cords vibrate or not

/b/

stop, bilabial, voiced

/d/

stop, alveolar, voiced

/g/

stop, velar, voiced

/p/

voiceless, bilabial, stop

/t/

voiceless, alveolar, stop

/k/

voicelessm velar, stop

Glottal ʔ

voiceless, stop

/v/

labiodental, voiced, fricative

/ð/

voiced, labiodental, fricative

/z/

voiced, alveolar, fricative

/ʒ/

voiced, palatal, fricative

/f/

voiceless, labiodental, fricative

/θ/

voiceless, labiodental, fricative

/s/

voiceless, alveolar, fricative

/ʃ/

voiceless, palatal, fricative

/h/

voiceless, glottal, fricative

/dʒ/

voiced, palatal, affricative

/tʃ/

voiceless, palatal, affricate

/w/

bilabial, voiced, glide

/j/

voiced, palatal, glide

/l/

voiced, liquid, alveolar

/r/

palatal, voiced, liquid

/m/

bilabial, voiced, nasal

/n/

voiced, alveolar, nasal

/ng/

voiced, velar, nasal

The phonetic level

surface level

The phonemic level

underlying function

When speaking about phonology, why would a child with difficulties in phonological skills also have difficulties with other areas of language (such as syntax, semantics, etc.)?

Phonology is the sound system of language. They may have trouble learning words and understanding their meaning (semantics) Grammar can also be difficult because it relies on small speech sounds.

Stampe believed that a child tends to produce forms that are

more natural instead of marked

What 2 aspect are aspect are necessary for effective verbal communication

form and function

Why is the distinctive theory not widely used now?

Outdated and difficult to use

What happens to communication if one of the two aspects of effective communication is absent?

communication breaks down or becomes unclear. The message may be misunderstood, incomplete, or confusing.

“tot” for “cot” is an example of what phonological process?

regressive assimilation, non-contagious

What is “limitation” when referring to phonological processes?

limited to specific sounds, sound classes, or sound sequences

Example:

• * initially, all fricatives are stopped

• * later, only sibilants are stopped

Ordering

Substitutions that appear unordered and random become more organized.

Suppression

When a formerly used phonological process is not used any longer.

Common Phonological Processes used

1- Syllable Structure Processes

2- Substitution Processes
3- Assimilatory Processes

The binary system refers to

a plus (+) and minus (-) system to show the presence (+) or absence (-) of certain features.

Ex: A plus (+) means the feature is there, and a minus (−) means the feature is not there.

According to Stampe, phonological processes are

are innate and universal; all children are born with the capacity to use the same system and processes.

What is an example of the phonological process of “stopping”?

A child replaces a fricative or affricate with a stop sound, such [dus] for juice

Why do children use phonological processes?

Children use phonological processes to simplify words because it is easier for them to produce.

High front unrounded tense vowel

/i/

Low back unrounded tense vowel _____

/ɑ/

High back rounded tense vowel _____

/u/

Generative Phonology

Assumes two levels of sound representation: Phonological representation and phonetic representation

Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle

Natural Phonology

incorporates features of naturalness theories and was specifically designed to explain the normal development of children’s phonological systems.

Simpler Version: based on the idea that children naturally use simple, common sound patterns when learning to talk. The theory was created to explain how children normally develop their speech sounds over time and why they use phonological processes as part of typical development.

David Stampe Distinctive Feature Theory

Distinctive Feature Theory

attempts to determine the specific properties of a sound that serve to signal meaning differences in a language.

Simpler definiton: looks at the exact sound features that make one sound different from another in a language. These features are what help signal changes in meaning (like /p/ vs /b/). The goal is to figure out which sound features are most important for identifying and telling phonemes apart.

Syllable Structure

Cluster reduction, Reduplication, Weak Syllable deletion

Cluster reduction

• Clusters are reduced to a single consonant

• when a child leaves out one sound in a consonant cluster

• Ex: [pun] for spoon

Reduplication

• The second syllable becomes a repetition of the first

Ex: [/bɑbɑ/] from bottle

Weak syllable deletion

• Unstressed syllable is deleted

• Ex: [nænə] from banana

Subsition Process

Placing, Manner, Voicing

Assimilatory Process

Labial, Velar, Nasal, Liquid Assimilation