VET 213 Non-human Primates

What are the two suborders of primates?

What are the two suborders of primates?

Strepsirrhini (lemurs) and Haplorrhini (monkeys and apes)

Name two primitive primates in the Prosimii group

tree shrews and lemurs

What are the lesser apes, greater apes, and humans taxonomy?

simians (anthropoidea)

Name a few general characteristics of OWPs

prehensile tails, cheek pouches, ischial callosities, flat skulls, brow ridges are prominent, elongated nares

What are ischial callosities?

Hard, keratinized pads on the buttocks

Name a few characteristics of NWPs

bony orbits, rounded skulls, brow ridges are absent

How many teeth do New World Primates have?

36 teeth

How many teeth do Old World Primates have?

32 teeth

Do NWP or OWP have cheek pouches?

OWP

Do NWP or OWP have keratinized pads on buttocks?

OWP

This group was established in 1974 and controls the use of nonhuman primates in research

Interagency Primate Steering Committee

What are nonhuman primates used for in research?

HIV/AIDS, viral hepatitis, male-pattern baldness, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis

What are the only three reasons nonhuman primates can be imported into the United States?

scientific, educational, exhibition

The quarantine period for wild caught primates can vary, but what is the general period?

60 days

Estrous of NWPs

polyestrous

OWPs menstrual cycle length

about one month

What is the skin in females that swells (turgescence) and reddish color change of the external genitalia during estrus (usually absent in NWPs

sex skin

Puberty range (depends on species)

3-10 years

True or false: Males mature a year or so later after females do

true

What are the different breeding systems used?

timed mating, paired mating, harem mating, free-range mating, artificial insemination

Mating where animals are housed individually and the female is evaluated daily to determine the optimal breeding time (exact gestational age must be known)

Timed mating

Mating where female estrous is estimated and animals are housed in pairs. The female is observed daily for signs of estrus and subsequent pregnancy

Paired mating

Mating that involves temporary or permanent housing of one male with a group of females

Harem mating

Mating that involves free-range. A group of mixed-sex groups are housed together

Free-range mating

How can pregnancy be determined in primates?

ultrasound, evaluation of physical and behavioral changes, and absence of menstrual cycling

Gestation period range (dependent on species)

164-200 days

Pregnancy complications

dystocia, endometriosis, and toxemia

Weaning age

6-8 months

True or false: nonhuman primates have canine teeth

true

Why can’t primates that are raised in captivity be released into the wild?

Due to their independence on learned behavior

What is the term for grooming of others?

allogrooming

What Act by the UDSDA requires that research facilities develop and implement plans to promote the psychological well-being of NHP species in their care?

Animal Welfare Act

What are some enrichment toy examples?

balls, puzzles, dolls, and foraging devices

What are two examples of auditory stimuli?

TVs or soft music

What are most cages composed of?

stainless steel and contain slotted or grid floors

What is the term for when the animal’s body is suspended from branches and the animal swings between branches?

brachiation

Indoor housing temperature range

64-84 degrees

Indoor housing humidity

30-70%

What vitamin do primates have an absolute dietary requirement for?

vitamin C

Food must be used within how many milling days to ensure adequate levels of vitamin C?

90 days

Can become malnourished due to over feeding of what? And lack of what?

fruits and vegetables; lack of protein

Supplemental food should be no more than ___% of their diet

25%

Where can IM injections be done?

triceps, gluteal or quadriceps

Where can IV injections be done?

cephalic or saphenous vein

Many restraint, diagnostic, and all surgical procedures require what?

anesthesia

What form (drug and route) is typically used for anesthesia?

IM injection of ketamine

What anesthetics are used in nonhuman primates?

propofol, tiletamine-zolazepam, and sodium pentobarbital

What analgesia can be given for mild pain postsurgically?

acetaminophen or aspirin given orally

What analgesia can be given for moderate or severe pain postsurgically?

injectable butorphanol or morphine

What can be used if more muscle relaxation is needed?

ketamine mixed with diazepam, acepromazine, or xylazine

Where can blood be drawn from?

femoral vein or artery, cephalic and saphenous

How can urine be collected?

cystocentesis, urinary catheter, metabolic cages

What are human examinations and tests that are typically done when working with primates?

Tuberculosis and Herpes B

What are some sources of stress in NHPs?

dietary changes, environmental changes, and transportation stress

What are the two categories bacterial diseases fall into?

those that cause respiratory disease and those that cause gastrointestinal disease

Infections of gastroenteritis

shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, pseudotuberculosis, helicobacteriosis

What gastrointestinal disease can cause dehydration, emaciated, foul-smelling liquid stool containing blood, mucus and necrotic colonic mucosa, and death can occur within 2 days. Confirmation is difficult. Transmission is by fecal-oral and treatment includes fluid therapy and antibiotics. (Shigella)

Shigellosis

This gastrointestinal disease can cause watery diarrhea and severe dehydration. Infections with C. jejuni are primarily found in OWPs and asymptomatic carries are common. Confirmation is difficult and treatment includes fluid therapy and antibiotics.

Campylobacteriosis

This gastrointestinal disease has similar clinical signs as shigellosis but with vomiting present. Secondary infections such as endocarditis or meningitis have been reported. (Salmonella species)

Salmonellosis

This gastrointestinal disease can cause diarrhea and depression. Reservoir hosts include wild rodents and birds. Those with chronic infections may have lesions on the liver and lungs that appear similar to those seen with tuberculosis. (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis or Yersinia enterocolitica)

Pseudotuberculosis

This gastrointestinal disease can have absent clinical signs or occasional vomiting and can cause gastric ulcers. Treatment is with antibiotics. (Helicobacter pylori)

Helicobacteriosis

If a primate has fever, sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge, lethargy, and anorexia, what is the most likely the cause of this?

Respiratory disease

What is the most significant respiratory disease of the NHP species?

tuberculosis

What is the strain that causes tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium

Is tuberculosis zoonotic?

yes

How is tuberculosis spread?

aerosol route, bites, scratches, and contact with body fluids

What are the clinical signs for tuberculosis?

Progress slowly- lethargy, weight loss, general unthriftiness, respiratory distress, diarrhea, jaundice, and significant lymphadenitis

This bacterial disease is caused by Pseudomonas pseudomallei. It is typically seen in OWPs and apes. Infections remain latent for many years. Diagnosis involves identification of typical lesions on the lungs.

Meliodosis

What is the disease that primarily affects cynomolgus macaques and the most common clinical sign is epistaxis. Branhamella catarrhalis is the causative agent.

Blood nose syndrome

This disease’s clinical signs are lockjaw, seizures, and respiratory paralysis. All primates are susceptible to this infection and the causative agent is Clostridium tetani.

tetanus infection

Viral diseases

herpes viruses, poxviruses, hepatitis virus, and measles

This virus is a cause of H. hominis and causes oral lesions in humans. For marmosets, gibbons, and owl monkeys it causes fatal infection characterized by ulceration of the mucous membranes or skin, conjunctivitis, meningitis, or encephalitis.

Herpes simplex 1

What is the most significant herpesvirus of concern in NHP colonies. The causative agent is H. simiae. Infected NHP may be asymptomatic or have oral or genital ulcers and conjunctivitis. Transmitted through bites, scratches, and contact with body fluids. Mild disease in NHP but zoonotic. If human begins to develop an encephalomyelitis that is often fatal.

Herpes B virus

What are the five hepatitis viruses that are zoonotic?

Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E

What hepatitis is also referred to as infectious hepatitis and is transmitted by fecal-oral route? Also causes alterations in serum liver enzymes.

Hepatitis A

What hepatitis is also known as serum hepatitis and is transmitted by aerosol route or by contact with body fluids? Infected human beings can serve as carriers and may develop hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatitis B

True of false: there is human vaccines for Hepatitis A and B.

true

This infection is caused by human paramyxovirus also known as rubeola. Typically is mild in NHP species. Clinical signs include exanthematous rash on the chest and lower portions of the body, nasal and ocular discharge, and blepharitis (eyelid inflammation). Can develop into fatal gastroenteritis if left untreated. Caretakers are required to be vaccinated for this.

Measles

This infection includes monkeypox, smallpox, benign epidermal monkeypox (tanapox), molluscum contagiosum, and yaba poxvirus. Usually characterized by a maculopapular rash and pustules. Is zoonotic.

poxvirus

Infection is caused by filovirus. It is highly contagious and fatal viral disease primarily affecting macaques. Clinical signs include fever, facial edema, cyanosis, epistaxis, dehydration, and multiple cutaneous hemorrhages are present.

Simian hemorrhagic fever

This virus has at least six different viruses that are capable of infection NHP. It is often referred to as simian immunodeficiency viruses. Infected animals may be asymptomatic or develop many other disease syndromes or secondary infection such as T-cell leukemia, lymphoma, anemia, atypical mycobacteriosis, intestinal cryptosporidiosis, pneumocystis pneumonia, and candidiasis.

Retrovirus

What type of life cycle of parasites tend to be the most dangerous to human caretakers?

direct life cycle

What is the common causative agents of malaria that are blood parasites?

Plasmodium cynomolgi and Plasmodium knowlesi

What is Entamoeba histolytica?

gastrointestinal parasite

What are two gastrointestinal parasites that can infect humans and cause serious disease?

E. histolytica and B. coli