medical imaging

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Magnetoencephalography

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20 Terms

1

Magnetoencephalography

  • Measures the magnetic fields produced in the brain

  • Used for studying brain function and diagnosing disorders (including epilepsy)

Preparation

  • Removal of metal objects, adding electrodes, avoid certain medications

Pro

  • Non-invasive, High Resolution

Con

  • Expensive, Noise, Bad at deep structures

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2

Fluoroscopy

  • Moving X ray to obtain real time images of internal structure

  • Usually used for guidance and visualization

  • Visualizing blood vessels, placing orthopedic implants, studying gastrointestinal stuff, watching bodily processes

Preparation

  • Remove metal and clothing, maybe fast

Pros

  • Real-time, minimal invasion, versatility, good guidance

Cons

  • Radiation, soft tissue contrast, contrast agent accessibility

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3

Echocardiogram

Usage

  • Ultrasound of the heart used to diagnose disease, assess structure, and assess function of the heart

Preparation

  • Minimal, maybe sedative

Pros

  • Real time, non-invasive, no radiation, low cost and portable

Cons

  • Image quality, throat injuries, sedative and anesthetic, contrast agents

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4

TEM

Usage

  • High resolution imaging of thin specimen, biological structure and molecules

Preparation

  • Creating and staining thin slices

Pros

  • Really good and magnified images, atomic and molecular scale

Cons

  • Expensive, limited samples and prep, electron beam damage

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5

fMRI

  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is used to measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow and oxygenation levels.

  • It is commonly used in neuroscience research and clinical settings to study brain function, cognition, and neurological disorders.

Preparation

  • Metal objects, staying still

Pros

  • Non-invasive, no radiation, detailed

Cons

  • Expensive, motion noise, discomfort, limited temporal resolution

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6

Electroencephalography

Use

  • Electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp.

  • Diagnose epilepsy, assess brain function in comatose patients, and evaluate sleep disorders, study brain dynamics, cognitive processes, and neurological conditions.

Preparation

  • Wash hair, remove metal objects

Pros

  • Non invasive, painless, real time

Cons

  • Lower resolution, noise, low anatomical info

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7

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Use

  • Using Magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of internal structures and used for diagnosing neurological, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular disorders → brain anatomy, function, connectivity

Preparation

  • Remove metal, sedatives, sometimes fasting

Pros

  • High resolution, wide application, distinguishing, multiplanar

Cons

  • Claustrophobia, time consuming, expensive

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8

Positron Emission Tomography

Use

  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is used to visualize metabolic and biochemical processes in the body

  • oncology for cancer staging, treatment planning, and monitoring response to therapy

  • diagnosing brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, and in cardiology for assessing myocardial viability and perfusion

Preparation

  • Fasting, tracers, less exercise

Pros

  • Fast, painless, post op, best for cysts and tumors, molecular abnormalities

Cons

  • Ionizing radiation, expensive, limited spatial resolution, glucose in tracer

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9

Photoacoustic imaging

Uses

  • Visualise tissue structure and function

  • Studying tumors and blood movement

Preparation

  • maybe not eating

Pros

  • Nonionizing

  • Non-invasive

  • Better penetration

  • compatible

Cons

  • difficult to see deep tissues

  • high cost

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10

scanning electron microscope

Uses

  • Using electron to find surface structure of cells

Preparation

  • Dehydration and coating with conductive material

Pros

  • Detail 3d image

  • Surface of stuff

Cons

  • Expensive, may alter sample properties, vacuum based (not completely natural)

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11

Thermography

Uses

  • Records infrared radiation to detect inflammation, vascular disorders, and injuries, primarily breast cancer, by creating a temperature map

Preparation

  • Minimal, remove jewelry and don’t do things that change temperature (chiropractic, hot bath, etc.)

Pros

  • Real-time, early stage, inexpensive, non-invasive and painless, no harmful radiation

Cons

  • Limited accuracy and spatial resolution, environment, may not work for obese patients

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12

Tilt3d

Uses

  • Fluorescence microscopy for biological samples using tilted lasers

    • 3d visualisation of cellular structures

  • Good to look at sub-cellular structures

Preparation

  • Cultured labelled and on slide

  • Imaging biological samples

Pros

  • 3d imaging of biological samples with depth penetration

    • multicoloured imaging

Cons

  • Advanced

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13

Ultrasound

Use

  • Using high frequency sound waves to visualize internal body structure

  • For pregnancy, cardiology, gastro, and musculoskeletal

    • Blood flow, Texture, tumors, fetal development

Preparation

  • Minimal

  • Maybe drink water

Pros

  • Non-invasive, painless, no radiation, real time, portable, cheap

Cons

  • Limited tissue penetration, image quality iffy, obscured by bone = bad

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14

Volume Rendering

Use

  • To create 3d representations of CT or MRI

  • Visualization, diagnosis, surgical planning

Preparation

  • CT or MRI

Pros

  • 3d visualization, Interactive exploration, Better diagnostics

Cons

  • Specialized software

  • Lots of computing

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15

X-Rays

Use

  • X ray beams to visualize internal body structures

  • Fractures, bones, joins, lungs, foreign objects

Preparation

  • Minimal preparation

  • No metal

Pros

  • Accessible, quick, real-time, anyone

Cons

  • Not good for soft tissue

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16

Elastography

Uses

  • Tissue stiffness testing for liver fibrosis, breast lesions, and tumors (scar tissue)

  • Complement other diagnostic imaging

  • Vibrations

preparation

  • Avoid alcohol for liver

  • Remove metal

pros

  • non-invasive without ionizing radiation or contrast agents, lowers need for biopsy

cons

  • supplementary

  • limited availability

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17

Computed Tomography

  • Cross sectional x rays

  • Trauma, cancer, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders

  • Planning

Preparation

  • Sometimes fasting

  • Contrast agents

  • Remove metal

Pros

  • High resolution, excellent spatial resolution, quick diagnosis and treatment, great tissue contrast

Cons

  • Ionizing radiation, Allergic reaction from contrast, expensive, not tendons and ligaments

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18

SPECT

uses

  • Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a system that creates 3D images of a patient’s body using tracers and creating images

  • Gamma decays of the tracer are subsequently detected by the SPECT cameras, forming images of the area

  • Typically bloodstream, seizure, dementia

preparation

  • no preggo

pro

  • 3d

  • cheap

con

  • low resolution

  • some small radiation

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19

Nuclear medicine

  • visualize physiological processes for organ function, abnormality

    • PET and SPECT

  • may need to fast or something

  • high sensitivity for abnormalities and whole body imaging, non invasive

  • exposure to ionizing radiation from tracer, maybe allergic reaction, less resolution

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20

FNIR

  • Oxygenation of the blood by shooting near infrared light

  • neurological disorder and funcitoning

  • not dangerous, relatively inexpensive

  • developing technology

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