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Description and Tags

43 Terms

1

gene

A sequence of DNA that codes for a protein that determines a trait

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2

Allele

a form of a gene

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3

Dominant

The trait that is always exhibited when the allele is present

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4

Recessive

The trait that is only exhibited when the dominant allele is NOT present

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5

Gamete

A reproductive cell→ sperm and eggs(haploid)

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6

Haploid

  • A cell with one copy of each chromosome

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7

Diploid

  • A cell with two copies of each chromosome

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8

Homologous Chromosome

Maternal and paternal copy of the same chromosome → only in diploid cells

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9

Sister Chromatid

Identical copies of the same chromosome in duplicated chromosomes

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10

Zygote

Diploid cell created when sperm and egg combine→ blueprint for the new organism

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11

genotype

the set of genes in a trait (hh)

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12

phenotype

the physical trait

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13

homozygous

2 sets of the same allele

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14

heterozygous

2 different alleles

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15

pure bred

same gene pairs ( only homozygous)

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16

hybrid

different gene pairs ( heterozygous)

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17

monohybrid

simple punnet square

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18

di-hybrid

mega punnet square

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19

In-complete dominance

when two different phenotypes combine into one ( red + white = pink)

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20

Co-dominance

when both phenotypes from parent are present ( red + blue = blue and red stripes)

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21

sex-linked

characteristics o traits that are criied on sex chromosomes (X)

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22

karyotype

picture of chromosomes in body

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23

monosomy

1 copies of each chromosome;  a person is missing one chromosome in the pair

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24

trisomy

3 copies of each chromosomes (xxy or xxx)

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25

down syndrome

trisomy in chromosome 21, normally has a low IQ, shorter flattened face, small hands and feet

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26

Klinefelter’s

Extra X chromosome in males (xxy), harder to spot in children, devlop breast, less facial and body hair, cannot have children.

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27

Meta-female

trisomy in X chromosome, some people never realise they have it, taller than average, learning disability, behavioral issues, delayed speech development, seizures, weakened muscle tone.

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28

mendel’s law of dominance

when a allele is heterozygous the dominant allele will show instead of both ( dominant always overpowers)

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29

mendel’s low of segregation

When gametes are formed, each allele of one parent segregates randomly into the gametes,

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30

mendel’s law of independent assortment

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes randomly (shown in di-hybrid crosses)

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31

polygenic traits

traits controlled by multiple genes (hair color, eye color)

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32

multiple alleles

When three or more alleles control a trait (blood type)

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33

difference between polygenic traits and multiple alleles

Multiple alleles refer to a series of three or more alternative forms of a gene and A polygenic trait is a trait controlled by a group of non-allelic genes.

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34

what is a pedigree

A diagram of family history that uses standardized symbols.

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35

rules of autosomal dominant

  • doesn’t skip a generation

  • if one offspring has a trait one parents must have it

  • males and female affected equally

  • unaffected parents wont have affected kids

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36

autosomal recessive

  • traits can skip a generation

  • unaffected parents can have affected child

  • two affected parents always have affected child

  • males and females are affected equally

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37

sex-linked dominant

  • females are more affected than males

  • does not skip a generation

  • affected male must have affected mother

  • affected males must pass traits on to daughter

  • affected daughter must have affected parents

  • carried on x chromosome

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38

sex- linked recessive

  • more males affected than females

  • traits can skip a generation

  • affected sons typically have unaffected mother

  • daughters have trait only if father is affected

  • trait cannot go from father to son

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39

how is meiosis different from mitosis

Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA.

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40

What happens in meiosis 1

one parent cell divides into two daughter cells

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41

What happens in meiosis 2

the sister chromatids separate forming four new haploid gametes, each with one copy of each chromosome.

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42

What is the point of going through meiosis?

to produce gametes, or sex cells

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43

What types of organisms go through meiosis?

multicellular plants and animals

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