Studied by 2 people
Independence Movements (1800–2000)
A significant number of movements in colonies worldwide seeking freedom from imperial powers during this period.
Nationalism
The belief in the right of a people to form their own nation, driving colonized peoples to demand independence.
Enlightenment Influence
Philosophical ideas emphasizing liberty and equality that inspired independence movements globally.
Economic Exploitation
The taking of natural resources and labor by colonial powers leading to resentment and demands for independence.
Impact of World Wars
The weakening of European powers post-World Wars increased the desire for independence in colonies.
Modern Communication
The role of newspapers and media in facilitating the exchange of ideas among independence movements.
Latin American Wars of Independence
Revolutionary movements (1810–1825) aimed at gaining independence from Spain and Portugal.
Key Figures in Latin America
Simón Bolívar, José de San Martín, Miguel Hidalgo, and Bernardo O'Higgins, who led independence campaigns.
Outcome of Latin American Independence
Most Latin American countries gained independence by 1825 but faced political and social challenges.
Indian Independence Movement
India's long struggle for freedom from British rule from 1857 to 1947, marked by various uprisings and civil disobedience.
Key Figures in India
Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Sardar Patel who were pivotal in the independence movement.
Indian Rebellion of 1857
A major early uprising against British colonial rule, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
Gandhi's Salt March
A non-violent protest in 1930 against British salt laws, symbolizing resistance to colonial rule.
Quit India Movement
A significant campaign in 1942 calling for an end to British rule in India.
Partition of India
The division of British India into India and Pakistan upon gaining independence in 1947, leading to social turmoil.
African Independence Movements
Movements across Africa (1945–1975) leading to independence from European colonial powers.
Key Figures in African Independence
Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Nelson Mandela (South Africa), Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya), and Patrice Lumumba (Congo).
Ghana's Independence
The first African nation to gain independence in 1957, led by Kwame Nkrumah.
Kenya's Struggle for Independence
Characterized by violent resistance against British colonial rule using guerrilla tactics.
Vietnam's Independence Movement
The struggle against French colonial rule leading to independence after the First Indochina War (1946–1954).
Key Figures in Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh, who played a significant role in Vietnam's fight for independence.
Decolonization of Southeast Asia
The process of countries in Southeast Asia gaining independence from colonial rule between 1945 and 1975.
Post-World War II Decolonization
The wave of independence movements in various regions following World War II, fueled by anti-colonial sentiment.
Middle East Independence Movements
Movements in the Middle East and North Africa gaining independence from European powers post-1945.
Key Figures in the Middle East
Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Muhammad Mossadegh (Iran), and King Hussein (Jordan).
Egyptian Revolution
The uprising that led to Egypt becoming a republic in 1953, ending monarchical rule.
Algerian War of Independence
A brutal conflict between Algeria and France (1954–1962) leading to Algeria's independence.
Tunisian Independence
Achieved peacefully in 1956 from French colonial rule.
Non-Violent Resistance
A strategy employed by independence movements that emphasizes civil disobedience and peaceful protests.
Armed Struggle
The use of military tactics and guerrilla warfare as a method of resistance against colonial powers.
Political Negotiation
Processes where colonial powers and independence leaders engaged in negotiations for a peaceful transfer of power.
International Support for Independence
The backing received from global superpowers, notably during the Cold War, for various independence movements.
Political Challenges Post-Independence
Struggles faced by new nations, including instability and conflicts between ethnic or religious groups.
Economic Struggles Post-Independence
Difficulties that newly independent nations faced in establishing economic independence and infrastructure.
Cultural Revitalization
The reclaiming of cultural identities and traditions suppressed under colonial rule once independence is achieved.
Global Impact of Decolonization
The creation of new nations and shifts in world power dynamics resulting from independence movements.
Nation-Building
The complex process of creating and consolidating a national identity following independence.
Social Divisions after Independence
The challenges faced by newly independent states regarding unequal distribution of power and resources.
Anti-Colonial Sentiment
Public feelings against colonial rule which fueled demands for independence in various regions.
Influence of Global Politics on Independence Movements
The way global ideological battles during the Cold War shaped attitudes towards colonialism and independence.
Role of the United Nations in Decolonization
The actions and resolutions supported by the UN aimed at promoting independence and self-determination for colonized nations.
Legacy of Independence Movements
The enduring effects of independence movements on politics, economics, and culture in newly sovereign states.
Historical Significance of Independence Movements
The importance of these movements in shaping contemporary world politics and national identities.
