8. Bacteriology II/mycology - PID

Bacteriology/mycology

eukaryotes

eukaryotes

Fungi are (PROKARYOTES/EUKARYOTES)

eukaryotic

(EUKARYOTIC/PROKARYOTIC) cells have membrane-bound organelles

convalescent carrier

A carrier who has recovered clinically but continues to shed the pathogen.

Healthy carrier

A carrier without clinical symptoms who is shedding the pathogen. Also called a subclinical carrier.

incubatory carrier

A carrier that is incubating and shedding the pathogen but not yet ill.

virulence factors

Bacterial characteristics that contribute to virulence

pathogenicity island

Group of mobile genetic elements that carry genes coding for one or more virulence factors.

horizontal gene transfer

Bacterial transformation, transduction, and conjugation are all methods of

quorum sensing

The regulation in gene expression in response to fluctuation in cell-population density

flagella

Virulence factor that aids in locomotion

pili

Virulence factor that aids in adhesion to host tissues and contributes to antigenicity

capsule

Virulence factor that provides protection from phagocytosis and antibiotics

invasion

The ability of the pathogen to spread to other locations in the host

extracellular invasion

when bacteria break down barriers of a tissue to disseminate in the host while remaining outside of host cells

enzymes

Extracellular invasions are typically done via production of extracellular

intracellular invasion

Bacterial dissemination through penetrating host cells and survive within that environment

facultative, obligatory

A bacteria can either be a ________ or _________ intracellular invader.

Exotoxins

Proteinaceous toxins delivered by secretion into surrounding milieu or direct injection into host cell cytoplasm.

I

Type (I/II/III) exotoxins are cell-surface active exotoxins that cause a disturbance of cell metabolism

II

Type (I/II/III) exotoxins are membrane damaging proteins.

III

Type (I/II/III) exotoxins are intracellular toxins.

proteolytic

Botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin are __________ toxins

Endotoxins

Toxic components of a prokaryotic cell wall that are not released until cell death and lysis of bacteria.

exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Produced by some species of G+ and G- bacteria.

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Produced mostly by G- bacteria and listeria

Exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Proteins secreted from the cell

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Part of the cell wall

Exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Gene usually on plasmids

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Gene usually on chromosome

Exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): High toxicity.

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Low toxicity.

Exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Highly antigenic.

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Poorly antigenic.

Exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Heat labile.

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Heat stable

Exotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): Vaccine available against toxoids.

Endotoxin

(ENDOTOXIN/EXOTOXIN): No vaccine available.

biofilm

Virulence factor composed of an extracellular polymer matrix produced by a mass of bacteria clinging to a surface.

cytotoxins

Vertebrate tissue is virtually devoid of free iron needed for bacterial growth, so bacterial ___________ damage host cells allowing release of ferritin, hemoglobin, and lactoferrin.

quorum sensing

The regulation in gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density mediated by autoinducers.

quorum sensing

Biofilm formation is often a result of