Speech Test #2 (ch 4,5,6,7)

Coculture

the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture. (Examples: Language, Activity, Religion, Race) (mini cultures in a culture)

intergroup/intercultural

interactions between members of different cultures or cocultures

individualistic culture

members focus on the value and welfare of individual members more then the group as a whole (Value: autonomy, competition, self promotion)

collective culture

members focus on the welfare of the group as a whole then on individual identity. (Value: duty, humility, loyalty, fitting in)

low power distance

power is usually associated with formal roles; powerful people may be good or evil. Parents treat children as equals.

high power distance

power is a basic fact of society to be accepted without question. parents teach children obedience

low-context culture

use language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible

high-context culture

relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony

low uncertainty avoidance

uncertainty inherent in life is accepted. Typically doesn't cause anxiety or stress.

high uncertainty avoidance

-The uncertainty inherent in life is treated as a continuous threat that must be fought. Uncertainty often causes high stress, anxiety, emotionality

saliance

how much weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon. How apparent cultural characteristics are in an interaction or relationship.

great salience

becoming more aware of culture characteristics because it is noticeable

little salience

not very aware of culture differences because they're not apparent

Culture

the language, values, beliefs, traditions, and customs people share and learn

out-group

groups ones views as different from oneself

hegemony

the dominance of one's culture over another

Ethonocentrism

the attitudes that's ones owns culture is superior to others.

Synthetic rules

ways in which symbols can be arranged

Connotative

Informal, implied interpretations for words and phrases that reflect the people, culture, emotions, and situations involved

Denotative

dictionary definition

Dialect

a version of the same language that includes substantially different words and meanings (sneakers vs tennis shoes)

linguistic relativism

the notation that language influences the way we experience the world (Ex: terminology sexual harassment)

linguistic intergroup bias

the tendency to label people and behaviors in terms that reflect their in-group or out-group status (in group- positive out group- negative)

Questions vs. Statements

Statements show more responsibility

relative words

words that gain their meaning by comparison (ex: small vs. large)

slang

language used by a group of people whose members belong to a similar coculture or other group. can be regionally based

Euphenisms

a mild or indirect term or expression used in a place of a more direct but less pleasant one

Abstract Language

language that lacks specificity or does not refer to observable behavior or other sensory data

abstraction ladder

a range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object ( abstract: toy concrete: malibu barbie)

phonological rules

how sounds are combined to form words

semantic rules

the meaning of language

Divergence

speakers emphasize differences between their communicative styles and that of others to create diatance

convergence

accommodating one's speaking style to another person, who usually is desirable or has higher status

stages of listening

1. hearing 2. attending 3. understanding 4. responding 5. remembering

Pseudolistening

an imitation of true listening (fake listening)

selective listening

receiver responds only to messages that interest him or her(listening half of the time)(Start listening)

defensive listening

receiver perceives a speaker's comments as an attack. response is often hostile ( reasons: guilt or insecurity)

insensitive listening

the failure to recognize the thoughts or feelings that are not directly expressed by a speaker, and instead accepting the speaker's words at face value

Insulated listening

the receiver ignores undesirable information (reason: sensitive topic)(stop listening)

task-oriented listening

a response style in which the goal is to secure information necessary to get a job done ( to improve listen for key ideas, ask questions, paraphrase, take notes)

critical listening

listening in which the goal is to evaluate the quality or accuracy of the speakers remarks. ( to improve examine speakers evidence and reasoning)

relational listening

a listening style that is driven primarily by the concern to build emotional closeness with the speaker

paraphrase

a rewording of something written or spoken by someone else

hearing

the process where in sound waves strike the eardrum and cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain ( hearing is involuntary and passive)

listening

the process wherein the brain recognizes sounds and gives them meaning

listening fidelity

the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate

residual message

the part of a message a receiver can recall after short and long term memory loss

prompting

using silence and brief statements to encourage a speaker to keep talking

repeating

a nonverbal message restates a verbal message

Substituting

a nonverbal message adds a nuance of meaning not found in the verbal message

Accenting

Non-verbal message emphasizes the verbal message

regulating

a nonverbal message controls the flow of verbal message

contradiction

a nonverbal message conflicts with a verbal message

territorial

the tendency to claim spaces or things at ones own, at least temporarily.

central markers

items placed to reserve a territory

boundry markers

draw a line between your territory and that of others

Earmarks

identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory or object

emblem

deliberate nonverbal behaviors with precise meaning, known to visually all members of a culture (ex: - stop)

Manipulators

Movements in which one part of the body grooms, massages, rubs, holds, pinches, picks, or otherwise manipulates an object or body part.

Proxemics

the study of how people and animals use space

Hall's Proxemics distances

• intimate distance- 0-18"
• personal distance- 18"- 4'
• social distance- 4'- 12'
• public distance- 12'+

Paralanguage

Nonlinguistic means of vocal expression: rate, pitch, tone, and so on.