organisation topic 2

salivary glands

produce amylase in the saliva

liver

where bile is produced

bile

neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats

gall bladder

where bile is stored before being released into the small intestine

large intestine

where excess water is absorbed from the food

stomach

produces the protease enzyme pepsin and hydrochloric acid

hydrochloric acid

kills bacteria and gives the right pH for the protease enzyme to work

pancreas

produces protease amylase and lipase enzymes which are released into the small intestine

small intestine

produces protease, amylase and lipase enzymes for complete digestion and where digested food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood

rectum

where the faeces are stored before they are excreted through the anus

what do carbohydrases do

convert carbohydrates into simple sugars

carbohydrase example

amylase which breaks down starch

where is amylase produced

salivary glands, pancreas and small intestine

what do proteases do

converts proteins into amino acids

where is protease produced

stomach, pancreas, small intestine

what do lipases do

convert lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

where are lipase produced

pancreas, small intestine

what is a tissue

a group of similar cells that work together for a specific function

muscular tissue

contracts to move whatever its attached to

glandular tissue

makes and secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones

epithelial tissue

covers some parts of the body, ie inside of the gut

what are organs

group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

what tissues make the stomach an organ

muscular, glandular, epithelial

what is an organ system

a group of organs working together to perform a particular function

what makes the digestive system an organ system

glands, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine

what is an enzyme

catalysts produced by living things

what are enzymes affected by

temperature and pH

how can a reaction happen quicker

raising the temperature before the cells get too damaged and having the optimum pH

what is the substance that acts on an enzyme called

substrate

what does every enzyme have

an active site with a unique shape that fits onto the substance involved in a reaction

how does the enzyme work

by fitting onto one specific substrate, if it does match the enzymes active site, the reaction will not be catalysed

denatures

the enzyme shape irreversibly changes so it can no longer fit in an active site

how can an enzyme become denatured

too hot, too high or low pH

step 1 of the circulatory system

do blood enters heart through vena cava

step 2 of cs

do blood leaves through pulmonary artery

step 3 of cs

right side of heart pumps do blood to lungs

step 4 of cs

at lungs blood gets rid of the waste carbon dioxide and collects more oxygen

step 5 of cs

or blood returns to left side through pulmonary vein

step 6 of cs

or blood leaves heart in aorta

step 7 of cs

left side pumps or blood to the rest of body

step 8 of cs

or blood supplies body’s cells with oxygen

step 9 of cs

blood picks up co2 from the body cells

step 10 of cs

do blood travels back to right side of heart

what are the advantages of a double circulatory system

maintains pressure to get blood all the way around the body, delivers oxygen faster so respiration rates are high and organisms are active

what is chd

the narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries

what are coronary arteries shaped like

hollow tubes through which blood can flow freely

what are fatty deposits made of

cholesterol and other fatty materials

what does a blood clot do

restricts flow of blood through coronary artery

what does a blood clot cause

arteries to narrow and become completely blocked. if one becomes completely blocked the blood supply stops and damages the heart

symptoms of chd

angina, heart attacks, heart faliure

what are stents

wire mesh that keep coronary arteries open increasing blood flow to the heart and reducing risk of heart attack

what are statins

drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels which slows the build up of fatty materials in walls of arteries

what are the two types of valves

mechanical and biological

what does the mechanical valve do

replace faulty ones and are made of titanium and polymers

what does the biological valve do

replace faulty ones and are made of pig, cattle and humans

what is a pacemaker

something inserted to artificially regulate the beating of the heart and send strong electrical signals to the heart to stimulate it to beat properly

what has to be done for a transplant

tissues need to matched to make sure the transplant works and is not rejected by the body’s immune system, after they are given immunosuppressant drugs to stop the persons immune system rejecting the organ

how do alveoli maximise the diffusion rate

large surface area, very thin walls, very large blood supply

what are guard cells

help regulate the rate of transpiration by opening and closing the stomata

what is a stoma

hole in the underside of a leaf

how do transpiration increase

• temperature and light intensity rises so the rate of photosynthesis increases and more stomata are open for gas exchange

• wind speed increases so the rate of evaporation will increase and maintains a steep concentration gradient

• drier air so water vapour diffuses more rapidly because concentration gradient is deeper

what is a potometer

used to show how the uptake of water by a plant changes in different conditions

how are waxy cuticles adapted for photosynthesis

waxy to prevent surface run off of rain and water loss within leaf by evaporation

what are palisade mesophyll cells

specially adapted to make the most of the light conditions they receive

how are palisade mesophyll cells adapted

many more chloroplasts than any other plant to catch as much sunlight as possible for photosynthesis

what is spongy mesophyll

cells not packed tightly together which allows carbon dioxide to reach the palisade cells for photosynthesis. irregularly shaped cells with few chloroplasts

what is the epidermis tissue

covers the plant and protects it from the entry of pathogens

what is a non communicable disease

diseases that are not infectious and affect a person because of their genetic makeup, their lifestyle or factors in their environment

what is a correlation

similarities in the patterns between non-communicable diseases and lifestyle factors

what is a casual mechanism

explains how one factor influences another through a biological process

what is cancer

changes within a cell, mainly genetic, leads to uncontrolled growth and division of the cells. these growths are called tumuors

what factors cause cancer

age, diet, smoking, obesity exercise

what does tobacco smoke contain

• nicotine, addictive substance

• carbon monoxide, toxic gas which replaces oxygen in red blood cells

• tar, sticky black substance that accumulates in rbc

• chemicals, anaesthetise the cilia in the airways, preventing them from wafting up the mucus

what are the risk factors of diet and exercise

type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease

what is the effect of risk factors of type 2 diabetes

body does not respond properly to the production of insulin, so blood glucose levels cannot be controlled

what is the effect of cardiovascular disease

increased blood cholesterol can lead to chd

what are the risk factors of alcohol

impaired liver functions, impaired brain function, affected development of unborn babies

what is the effect of impaired liver functions

long-term alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis, meaning the liver cannot remove toxins from the body or produce enough bile

what is the effect of impaired brain functions

damages the brain and can cause anxiety and depression

what is the effect of development of unborn babies because of alcohol

alcohol can pass through the placenta, risking miscarriages, premature births and birth defects

what are the risk factors of smoking

lung diseases and cancers, affected development of unborn babies

what is the effect of lung disease and cancers

cigarettes contain carcinogens which can cause cancers

what is the effect of affected development of unborn babies for smoking

chemicals can pass through the placenta risking premature births and defects

what are the risk factors of carcinogens

cancers

what does the xylem do

transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots up through the plant's stem and into the leaves

what does the phloem do

transports food and sugars to different parts of the plant from the leaves for storage

what does the meristem tissue do

found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into different types of plant cell so the plant can grow