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Science Features
Science is characterized by systematic empiricism, public knowledge production, and examination of solvable problems.
Systematic Empiricism
Science relies on observation, measurement, and testing theories about the world.
Publicly Verifiable Knowledge
Scientific findings are peer-reviewed, published, and subject to replication by other scientists.
Pseudoscience Hallmarks
Pseudoscience lacks specific measurement, appeals to secrecy, uses misleading language, reverses burden of proof, and cherry-picks results.
Trust in Science Vulnerability
Misplaced trust in science can lead individuals to believe false claims and credentials.
Falsifiability Violations
Violations of the falsifiability criterion occur when supernatural explanations are invoked, vague claims are made, or disconfirming evidence is dismissed.
Memory Wars
The 'memory wars' illustrate how repressed memories of trauma under hypnosis can be false and influenced by ordinary forgetting.
Logical Fallacies
Logical fallacies include ad hominem attacks, arguments from ignorance, appeals to nature, and appeals to emotion.