KIN 311K: Sport Psychology Challenge 1

Theories

explain or predict why we observe something or why something happened ; must be questioned or tested

Misattribution of cause and effect

attributing some behavior as a cause to some outcome that aren't really related; we have a bias to believe that behaviors preceding other behaviors have a causal link

Correlation

when two variables vary together; does not equal causation

Perfect correlation

variable move in equal amounts in the positive or negative direction

Statistics based on the average number

just because it is the average for a population, doesn't mean its the average for an individual

7 levels of free will

1. Habitual behavior (least free will)

4. Stress regulation and coping

7. Self determination (most free will)

Removing suffering

does not promote success

<-|-> leaves you at neutral

Psychological keys to sucess

-create a positive attitude

-confidence and optimism

-flexibility

-persistence

-rest

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate; free will

Balance

-yin yang: contrast with harmony

-life is not a complete balance

6 virtues

something that is good in and of itself ans will always be good no matter what; kindness

Identity/ self concept/ schema

cognitive representations about who we are or what attributes describe you

Attributes

the precieved value or meaning that is based on opinion and can vary between individuals; subjective

Identity control theory

process or interaction that leads to how you identify yourself; determined by your individual standards and environmental feedback

-Important to have a sense of belonging

Identity based motivation

life/goal motivations are based on how you are identifying in certain parts of your life

Ex. Doug who is a surgeon, husband, and father have different goals

Situated perspective

when in a certain context/environments, certain identities come out or are more forward than others

-organized in a hierarchy with one dominant identity

Self esteem

how much you value yourself

Contingent self esteem

self esteem that is depended on achieving some standard

-self esteem is dependent on reaching goals

-become over attached you identity

-high need to maintain self esteem

-leads to maladaptive behaviors

Maladaptive behavior

bad adaptation to combat low self esteem

Cognitive dissonace

when our beliefs are inconsistent with our behaviors which creates stress and tension (dissonance); in theory, we don't want this

Confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore information that doesnt

Goals

cognitive representative of a desired endpoint; provides direction, focus, confidence, and feedback

SMART principle

Outlines that goals/objectives must be Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound

Outcome goals

goals that are focused on the results of winning or losing; more value, ego oriented, and emotional component

Performance goals

goals that are focused improving or reaching a personal standard; mastery/task oriented and can build self efficacy or confidence

Process goals

steps to achieve performance goals

Epistemology

theory of knowledge; how do we know what we and how do we know it's true

Positivism

-most common for scientific study

-we have to be able to quantify something

-Researcher is independent of what they observe; remove any bias to see things as they are

-observations are generalization and context doesn't matter; if its true here and now, it's true everywhere always

-linear causal relationships

Post-positivism

-person and the world are inseparable; there is always bias

-seeks to understand the meaning of human experience

-reality can be subjective (glass half full? half empty?)

-human experience, not causal relationships

Phenomenology

study of lived experience

Existential phenomenology

-principle of intentionality

-your choices are you; ontology

-Lebenswelt: the world as lived

Ontology

study of the nature of reality; reality of co-constituted

Historicity

perception influenced by knowledge, beliefs, and experience

Normal anxiety

healthy and necessary for survival; provides energy to manage daily life, pursue goals

Neurotic anxiety

refusal to accept responsibility of making a choice

Facilitative behaviors

behavior that help move you towards your goal

Undermining behaviors

behaviors that prevent you from reaching your goal

Behaviorist perspective

-behavior, learning, and performance is determined by implicit associative learning; anticipated rewards or punishments

-thinking is a behavior

Cognitive perspective

-behavior, learning, and performance is determined by explicit knowledge of self regulation; conscious choices

-thinking impacts behavior

Behaviorism

-Behavior is determined by the environment; no conscious explanation for behavior

-Classical conditioning

-Operant/Instrumental Conditioning

Classical conditioning

-Pavlov's dogs

-exciting stimulus : response relationship

Operant/instrumental conditioning

reinforcements and deterrents lead to desired behavior; stimulus-response theory

Cognitive Physcology

-how we think about things impacts our behavior

-information processing, attention, and memory

Dual Processing View

System 1 and System 2

System 1

-fast, automatic mode of operation

-works independently of working memory

-habit behavior

-instrumental behavior

-heuristics

Instrumental behavior

behaviors that lead to some important goal; system 1

Heuristics

mental shortcuts (Ex. green oval and brown rectangle = tree); ART HAG

Availability heuristic

the ease with which an answer comes to mind; making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind

Recognition heuristic

makes us more likely to believe something we've heard many times

Take-the-first heuristic

Making a decision based on your first, gut decision

Hot hand heuristic

How you think about things increase the odd of it being correct

Affect heuristic

How do you feel create a bias about how you precieve things

Gaze heuristic

Visually determining the likely hood of an outcome

Dichotomies

divisions into two parts (ex. win or lose, good or bad) for simplicity

System 2

-Lazy system: requires resources rather than instant

-Prefrontal cortex; logical

-requires working memory and takes effort

-awareness

-observes system 1

Affect

the general feeling state you have inside and is either positive or negative

Emotion

categories of thoughts, behaviors, events, or experiences in relationship to something

Parts:

-Subjective feeling/appraisal

-physiological response

-action tendency

Traditional view of emotion

positivism: assumption that they are distinct and identifiable in everyone

William James: Peripheralist Specificity

Emotions have specific physiological patterns and bodily movements; emotion is a result of a physiological response

Walter Cannon: Centralist Generalist

Emotion originates in the brain's interpretation of the event; each emotion doesn't have a distinct pattern (general response)

Narrative theme of emotion

a central idea (Ex. anger: experienced an unjustice)

Action tendencies

action taken in response to an emotion (Ex. fear: freeze or run)

Traditionalist view of emotions

emotion can be reduced down to a single part (one-to-one relationship) and they cause behaviors

Constructivist view of emotions

emotions don't exist and are just a process of mental responses that occur in a specific brain pattern; there's not an anger thing inside you and they don't cause behavior

Constructing emotions

one part of the brain or body leads to many emotions (one-to-many relationship)

Degeneracy

Many different combinations of brain and body functions lead to one emotion (many-to-one relationship)

Prototypical emotion

emotions that look like their distinct entities but they aren't real

-cognitive appraisals

Cognitive appraisal

how we think about something

Loss aversion

emphasize losses more than gains

Integral affect

the affect is about the object of your perception

incidental affect

the affect is not about the object of your perception; emotions or previous experiences determine affect

Immediacy principle

people tend to associate emotions with whats in their immediate perspective

Risk perception

determined by affect; negative affect decreases it

Bias towards price

Assumption that the price determines value

Iowa Gambling Task

A task in which participants must learn to avoid risky choices (loss) in favor of less risky (more rewarding) choices

-People with damage to the VMPFC couldn't do this

Positive emotions

-promote curiosity

-positive relationships

-undo negative emotions

-faster cardiac recovery

-live longer

Confidence

a choice, feeling or belief that you can succeed at something

ABCs: affect, behavior, cognition

Bandural

proposed that global measures of confidence have less predictive power