Studied by 4 peoplecognitive dissonance
an uncomfortable state of mind arising when you recognize inconsistencies in your beliefs and/or behaviors
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to place more emphasis on internal characteristics to explain someone’s bad behavior
stereotype
beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group
attitude
beliefs and feelings that predispose people to respond in particular ways to situations and other people
diffusion of responsibility
when there are multiple people present, each individual feels less of a responsibility for the situation
social psychology
the study of how other people and groups influence behavior and mental processes as well as how behavior and mental processes influence our experiences in social situations
conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard or expectation
prejudice
a negative attitude toward another person or group formed in advance of any experience with that person or group
groupthink
a psychological and sociological phenomenon in which members of a group will conform to majority opinion to maintain group harmony rather than stating their own opinions
gender roles
the pattern of behavior, personality traits, and attitudes that define masculinity or femininity in a particular culture
group polarization
when a group makes a more extreme decision than its individual members would have made if acting on their own
social phobia
an anxiety disorder characterized by overwhelming anxiety and excessive self-consciousness in everyday social situations
aggression
any type of behavior, physical, or verbal, that is intended to harm or destroy
discrimination
an action that causes us to treat different people differently, and even cause physical or emotional harm to others
self-serving bias
the tendency we have to hold ourselves responsible for good outcomes and blame the circumstances for negative ones
attribution
an innate human tendency to ascribe a cause to our actions and the actions of others
deindividualism
the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in a group situation
obedience
a given person being socially influenced by an authority figyre who is giving clear-cut and direct orders
social facilitation
an individual’s improved performance on easy or well-learned tasks when they are with others
social loafing
the tendency for people to put in less effort when working on a task as a group, compared to when working alone
altruism
the selfless concern for the well-being of others
self fulfilling prophecy
when a person unknowingly causes a prediction to come true, due to the simple fact that he or she expects it to come true
social norms
the unwritten rules and expectations that dictate how individuals should behave in a particular social group or society
mere exposure effect
the tendency to like new stimuli more when you encounter it more frequently
collective cultures
value the needs of the group as a whole over the needs or desires of each individual
individualistic culture
a type of culture in which people are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families only
bystander affect
the more people who witness someone in distress, the less likely someone is to intervene
Solomon Asch
Gestalt psychologist, studies on conformity:
conducted a study with a group vision test where study participants were found to be more likely to conform to obviously wrong answers if first given by other participants
Leon Festinger
cognitive psychologist, created theory of cognitive dissonance and social comparison
Stanley Milgram
social psychologist, experiments on obedience to authority
obedience study: “learner” strapped to electric chair. after he learned a lsit of word pairs, the “teacher” tests him and is told by the experimenter to give a shock when the learner makes a mistake, increasing the level of shock each time (learner gave wrong answers on purpose)
Philip Zimbardo
social psychologist, conducted Stanford Prison Experiment
intended to demonstrate whether the brutality in prisons was due to specific, sadistic personality types evident in prison guards or due to prison environments: randomly designated some people as guards or prisoners. The simulation became too real after a few days. People had to play their role, and there were no rules, and people by the end of the first day WERE their role.
Harold Kelley
theorized that people make decisions or judgments about behavior based on their perception of three different types of information
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