English - Society and Culture (section 3)

Chaotic (adj)

(tính hỗn loạn ) lộn xộn.
Her desk was a chaotic jumble of papers, books, and snacks.

His thought was a chaotic jumble of emotions and memories.

To look/seem/appear chaotic

"The classroom looked chaotic after the kids left."
"Everything seemed chaotic during the event, but it was actually well-organized behind the scenes."

To cause/provoke / serious riot

gây ra / kích động / bao loạn nghiêm trọng .
=> The unfair court verdict caused a serious riot in the city center.

To peacefully march for something

The students peacefully marched for better education policies.
Citizens peacefully marched for freedom of speech despite heavy rain

A large-scale demonstration

The city witnessed a large-scale demonstration calling for workers' rights.
A large-scale demonstration erupted after the announcement of the new law.

To break up a hostile demonstration

Đập tan một cuộc biểu tìnhg mang tính thù địch.
=> Police were called in to break up a hostile demonstration near the government building.
=> Authorities had to break up a hostile demonstration that blocked the main highway.

To clash with demonstrator

va chạm với nguòi biểu tình.

Police clashed with demonstrators during the protest against fuel prices.

To fight against overt/blatant racism

Many activists took to social media to fight against blatant racism in the workplace.

Racial discrimination/ inequality/ stereotype:

racial discrimination in hiring practices still exists in many industries.

In the midst of something

The country is in the midst of a political crisis.

Segment (n)

Phân đoạn, mảnh ghép, khúc.
Each segment of the pie chart represents a different activity.

The final segment of the movie was very emotional.

Mandate (n)

Lệnh, nhiệm vụ.
✅ Examples:

• The government issued a mandate to wear masks in public.

• The school has a strict mandate against cheating.

• He was elected with a clear mandate to reform the system.

Councilor (n)

✅ Examples:

• She was elected as a city councilor last year.

• The councilor proposed a new plan to improve public transport.

• Local councilors met to discuss the environmental policy.

• A group of councilors voted against the new tax rule.

Mandatory (adj)

✅ Examples:

• Wearing helmets is mandatory for all motorcyclists.

• Attending the training session is mandatory for new employees.

• In many countries, education is mandatory until a certain age.

Legitimate (adj)

• The business is fully legitimate and registered with the government.

• He only deals in legitimate trade.

Legitimise (v)

• The government passed a law to legitimise online businesses.

• They are trying to legitimise same-sex marriage in the country.

To seem apparently / entirely legitimate (n)

có vẻ rõ ràng, hoàn toàn hợp pháp.
It gave the appearance of legitimacy, but it was actually a scam.

Corrupt

Suy đồi

Examples:

• The country is struggling with a corrupt political system.

• That official was arrested for being corrupt and accepting bribes.

• A corrupt police force can lead to injustice.

As a verb:

Meaning: To make someone or something dishonest, impure, or damaged.

Examples:

• Power can easily corrupt a person if there are no checks or balances.

• The file was corrupted and couldn’t be opened.
  (This is a technical meaning—damaged data or software)

Uphold

Ủng hộ, duy trì

Examples:

1. Law/Justice:

• Judges must uphold the law, no matter the situation.

• The court upheld the original decision after reviewing the case.

2. Principles/Values:

• We should uphold the principles of equality and freedom.

• Good leaders uphold honesty and responsibility.

Manipulate

Meanings:

1. Negative (most common):
   To influence someone in a clever or dishonest way to get what you want.

• He manipulated his coworkers to take credit for the project.

• The company was accused of manipulating the data to look more successful.

2. Neutral/Positive:
   To handle or control something skillfully, like tools, data, or systems.

• She can manipulate complex software with ease.

• The machine is designed to manipulate small objects precisely.

Synonyms:

• (negative): deceive, exploit, control, trick

• (neutral): handle, operate, control, manage

To attempt to deftly / deliberately manipulate

Cố gắng thao túng một cách khéo léo / có chủ đích.

A conscious/ political manipulation

Sự thao túng có chú ý / về mặt chính trị

Transparency (n)

Sự minh bạch

Sự trong suốt

Transparent (adj)

Meanings:

1. Literal:
   Easy to see through; clear.

• The glass wall is completely transparent.

• I want a transparent phone case.

2. Figurative:
   Open, honest, and easy to understand—especially in communication, policies, or actions.

• The company tries to be transparent about its pricing.

• Governments should be transparent with the public.

• She appreciated his transparent explanation—it made everything clearer.

Synonyms:

• (Literal): clear, see-through

• (Figurative): honest, open, straightforward

In-state law segment

phân khúc luật trong tiểu bang

Tax invasion and rife corruption

Sự trốn thuế và tham nhũng tràn lan