Studied by 229 people
Phylogeny
evolutionary history of an organisms; where things originated; ancestry
Biodiversity
All of the diversity/variety of life on Earth
Systematics
study of evolutionary relationships between organisms
Taxonomy
Science of naming organisms
Taxon
a named group of organisms
Classification
assigning organisms to meaningful, hierarchical groups
Homology
Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry
Analogy
Phenotypic and genetic similarities due to convergent evolution
Convergent evolution
When similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar adaptations in organisms found in different evolutionary lineages
Divergent evolution
Species sharing a common ancestor become more distinct due to a differential selection pressure which gradual leads to speciation
Homologous structures
similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions
Cladistics
A systematic approach using common ancestry as the primary criteria for classifying organisms
Monophyletic
Ancestral species and all its descendants
Paraphyletic
Ancestral species and some of its descendants
Polyphyletic
Includes distinct related species but not the common ancestor
Apomorphy/Autapomorphy
A specialized trait/character that is unique to a group or species; changed from initial ancestor to something different overtime
Plesiomorphy
An ancestral or primitive character state; present in an ancestor
Synapomorphy
Share, derived characteristics
Symplesiomorphy
Shared and ancestral characteristics
Homoplasy
When 2 of the same characteristics show up randomly
Gene families
Groups of related genes within an organism's genome
Orthologous genes
Homology is the result of a speciation event and hence occurs between genes found in different species
Paralogous genes
Results from a gene duplication where multiple copies of genes have diverged from one another within species
Molecular clocks
Method of estimating the time required for a given amount of evolutionary change based on the observation that some regions of genomes evolve at constant rates
phylogenetic tree
used to depict the relationships of organisms
What do phylogenetic trees show
Organismsā closest relatives, ancestors, and where some of their traits may have originated
What are the components of a phylogenetic tree
branching lines that represent divergent evolution, it can be based on DNA, morphology, or biochemistry
What is binomial nomenclature
the scientific naming of organisms using a genus and species that is latin based
Why do we use binomial nomenclature
used to limit confusion when studying organisms due to many having multiple common names
Who introduced nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the mnemonic used to remember taxonomic classifications
Dear- Domain
King- Kingdom
Phillip- Phylum
Came- Class
Over- Order
For- Family
Great- Genus
Sex- Species
Why do Linnaean classification and phylogenetics/systematics sometimes disagree
Organisms can look similar and be distantly related and vice versa, depending on what system you use is who the organism might be related to
What are the three domains of life
Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya
Who proposed the third domain
Carl Woese
Why was a third domain proposed
Due to Archaea and Bacteria having too much diversity between each other to be grouped together
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