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POLITICAL SCIENCE

discipline that studies the state and its basic elements such as people, territory, government, and sovereignty

ECONOMICS

field that analyzes how individuals interact within society to address major issues about the use of economic resources for production and the exchange of goods and services

DEMOGRAPHY

study of population changes and trends, including migration from rural to urban areas, urbanization and human ecology, and population and its relationship to development

GEOGRAPHY

studies the world, its people, and its communities

ANTHROPOLOGY

studies the origin and the cultural and physical characteristics of human beings, as well as the social norms that they observe

LINGUISTIC

scientific study of language

LAW

discipline that studies the rules formulated and implemented by governments to uphold order and equitability in society

HISTORY

studies the past to better understand contemporary society and anticipate changes and developments in the future

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

deals with the implementation of public policies and government agencies that enact these

PSYCHOLOGY

human mind and behavior

SOCIOLOGY

systematic study of society and social relations

SOCIAL WORK

as a profession, concerned with determining the needs of people in a certain community, linking them to the appropriate parties who will provide them these needs, and helping them acquire skills to independently address future problems

COMMUNICATION

process of human communication and discusses how messages are interpreted based on their political, cultural, economic, and social contexts

DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

tackles social and economic issues experiences by underdeveloped and developing nations

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

encourages individuals to make decisions that maintain the balance between human and natural systems

SOCIAL POLICY

concerned with how societies respond to the needs of people, usually focusing on the economy

STATISTICS

collection, organization, and analysis of numerical data

COUNSELLING, SOCIAL WORK, AND COMMUNICATION

three important fields under the applied social science

SOCIAL SCIENCES

academic disciplines that study man, society, and politics and helps us understand and analyze how society works and why it is referred to as the matrix of politics, societal issues like poverty, unemployment, elections, graft, and corruption. These disciplines provide vital information that helps government official and policy makers, etc in policy formulation and implementation.

APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

from theories of various social science disciplines to critically study society and relationships among people. Equips students with the ability to develop practical and effective solutions to social issues. Develops research skills and gives opportunities to conduct studies on social realities and tackles social, economic, political, and ecological issues of our times and prepares students becoming effective leaders in society.

COUNSELLING

interactive process characterized by a relationship between the counsellor and client

BEHAVIOR

changes in the client’s actions, as well as his or her coping skills, decision-making skills, and interaction skills

BELIEFS

thinking about oneself, others, and the world, or emotional concerns relating to these perceptions

LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL STRESS

uncomfortable feelings or reactions to environmental stress

PERSONAL PAIN

reaction to an adversity like the death of a loved one or it may be an enduring concern like chronic self-esteem

HELP SEEKING BY CHOICE

client has voluntarily decided to seek help

PERSONAL ISSUES

counsellors hold the view that all client behaviors are results of the issues they struggle with

EMPATHY

experienced when the counsellors put themselves in the place of the client

RESPECT

counsellor’s positive regard for the client

GENUINENESS

being consistent in one’s feelings, thoughts, and behavior in a relationship

SCHOOL COUNSELLORS

help students deal with hindrances in their studies– they play an important role in crisis intervention following traumatic events like a violent incident or the death of a teacher/classmate

CAREER COUNSELLORS

help clients prepare for the start of their professional lives, adjust to changes in the workplace, and succeed in their careers, and are usually found in schools as well as in public and private organizations

CHILD ABUSE COUNSELLORS

helps victims rebuild their psyche, trust others, and gain happiness– they use their training to identify, analyze, and treat specific symptoms of child abuse, and provides necessary therapy to help the child overcome his or her deals

CHILD COUNSELLORS

clinical psychologists and child psychiatrists provide counselling services for children, adolescents, and their families, counsellors assess children for specific issues such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism

GERIATRIC COUNSELLORS

senior citizens and their families to live a more fulfilling and comfortable life. The families of senior citizens take part in the counselling process to help them better understand the issues of the elderly

DEPRESSION COUNSELLOR

mental, emotional, and physical issues arising out of depression– these are usually psychiatrists who not only perform counselling but also prescribe appropriate medical treatment

COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELLORS

provide therapy, counselling and coaching services to help minimize mental health issues and promote mental health in communities, and bridges the gap between the people and the institutions and agencies that provide access to mental health facilities and services

GRIEF COUNSELLOR

help people cope with the loss that usually follows the death of a loved one and also helps survivors of these disasters and calamities cope with their losses which may include lives and properties

HOSPITAL COUNSELLORS

help patients develop a positive view of their confinement and can also be social workers providing assistance to indigent patients by linking them with charitable institutions

DRUG ABUSE COUNSELLORS

may be hired in inpatient or outpatient facilities. In inpatient facilities, counsellors assist the care of high-risk patients battling substance abuse

RESIDENTIAL CARE FACILITIES COUNSELLOR

assist and monitor people temporarily for living in foster care facilities, including those that house troubled or at risk youth. Boys Town is an example of a residential care facility in the Philippines

RELIGIOUS OR SPIRITUAL COUNSELLORS

specialize in combining mental health counselling with Christian beliefs in their practice. They often work in a religious environment such as the church

PROFESSIONALISM, ACCOUNTABILITY, CONCERN FOR THE WELFARE, PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY, GOOD SOCIAL, EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION, BASIC HELPING,KNOWLEDGE OF KEY ISSUES/CONCEPTS, SCIENTIFIC MINDEDNESS, AWARENESS AND APPLICATION OF ETHICAL DECISION, OBSERVATIONS, THINKING, AND COMPUTER

competencies of counsellors

PROFESSIONALISM

counsellors are expected to follow the policies and procedures of the institutions they are affiliated with

ACCOUNTABILITY

counsellors must take responsibility for their own actions

CONCERNS FOR THE WELFARE OF OTHERS

counsellors make sure that they look after the welfare of their clients

PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY

counsellors think and act like professionals

GOOD SOCIAL SKILLS

counsellors must be able to relate well with different types of people, groups, and communities

EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION SKILLS

counselors should be able to clearly communicate ideas, feelings, and information though verbal, non-verbal, and written skills

BASIC HELPING SKILLS

these relate to the counsellors’ readiness to help their clients. The counselors listen and are empathetic toward others

KNOWLEDGE OF KEY ISSUES AND CONCEPTS IN RELATED DISCIPLINES

counsellors must be open to working with professionals from other related disciplines such as social work and psychology

SCIENTIFIC MINDEDNESS

counsellors are expected to display critical scientific thinking and apply scientific methods

AWARENESS AND APPLICATION OF ETHICAL DECISION

counsellors should apply the concepts of informed consent and confidentiality

OBSERVATIONAL SKILLS

counsellors must be able to observe clients’ facial expressions, body language, and social interactions during counselling sessions.

THINKING SKILLS

During counselling sessions, counsellors use a variety of thinking skills, from analysis to problem-solving skills.

COMPUTER SKILLS

counsellors should be adept at using computers and other devices, as these can help them perform their task more easily

RESPECT FOR AUTONOMY

individual's right to self-determination. Individuals have a right to think they wish, even if others disagree. They have the right to act freely even if others don't like their choices. It should always be respected, but is limited by two restrictions. First, the rights of the individuals end where the rights of others begin. This means that a person has the right to act as he or she wishes, but must avoid violating the rights of others. Second, respect assumes that individuals are capable of understanding the implications and consequences of the choices they make

BENEFICENCE

counsellors must do all they can to help their clients. This is important since counsellors are paid professionals – they receive payment for their services—and have specialized training in counselling, unlike the client's friends or personal confidants. Moreover, valuing beneficence also means that the counsellor cannot end the process without seeing an improvement in the client. Failing to help the client improve his or her life is considered a failure of the counsellor to achieve his or her goal, which is to help clients address their problems successfully

JUSTICE

involves life, treating all clients equally, regardless of their status. Counsellors must set goals and devise strategies based on the individual character of the client and not on discrimination toward groups. Moreover counsellors must use strategies appropriate to the culture of the client

FIDELITY

being "loyal" to the client, counsellors must make a promise to not divulge what the client tells them, and can only disclose information when there is a significant reason to do so, and it must be ultimately for the client's benefit. If the counsellor needs to disclose client information, the reason for doing must be explained, as well as its consequences

INDIVIDUALS, GROUPS/ORGANIZATIONS, AND COMMUNITIES

counselling helps three sets of clientele and clients of social workers

INDIVIDUAL COUNSELLING

aimed at helping individuals (e.g., students, children, adults, and adolescents) cope with the challenges of daily living, stresses that can cause anxiety, and depression and other serious mental issues. It is also concerned with helping clients heal from traumatic events in their lives such as stressful life situations, work problems, grief, emotional distress, or relationship issues

GROUP COUNSELLING

form of therapy which posits that individuals benefit from shared experiences. It is oriented toward helping group members express and explore their difficulties, and use the resources of the group to overcome these and lead more satisfying lives

ORGANIZATION COUNSELLING

usually performed in the workplace. It aims to help employees adjust with their work environment and ensure that their potentials are maximized to the fullest

COMMUNITY COUNSELLING

helps address issues in the local area, such as mental health problems and disaster rehabilitation. It entails partnership between community leaders and guidance counselors or other service institutions

VERBAL DISCUSSIONS

primary mode for analyzing and solving problems in counseling. These involve facilitating self-disclosure and conversations which explore the client's situation

PERSONALITY TEST

compare the responses of the diem to the responses of a norm group on a variety of personality dimensions. They may be useful in situations of long-standing concerns or relate to negative feelings about the self or difficulties in interpersonal relationships

JOURNALS OR DIARIES

Kept by the clients can also be good sources for defining the problem and for understanding the variations in its intensity from day to day. It is important that the client is willing to share this journal or diary with the counsellors. For clients who are not interested in writing down their thoughts and feelings, a tape-recorded journal or a video journal may serve the same purpose

INTAKE INTERVIEWS

a counsellor works with a client to gather information about his/her problems, general life situation, history, and interpersonal functioning (Sommers-Flanagan, 1993. It is conducted in a single meeting, usually by a person. The diagnosis reached after an intake interview is tentative since the data collected may be incomplete or inaccurate. Counsellors assigned for subsequent sessions then have to reexamine the issues tackled in the interview to help facilitate the self-exploration of the client

STRUCTURING

technique where the counsellor informs the client of what to expect from the counselling process. The counsellor can suggest how the diem may participate and what the counsellor will contribute to the conversation

LEADING

Robinson (1950) refers to the counselor's selection of a response that anticipates the client's readiness to benefit from it. Responses that incorporate elements of confrontation and interpretation may be valid but nevertheless destructive if introduced before the client is ready to accept and absorb the information they contain

QUESTIONING

helps open up certain aspects of the client's situation for discussion, clarifies vague or conflicting comments from the client, or conflicting comments from the client, or focuses his/her attention to specific thought, feelings, or behavior. Helps in acquiring specific information for arriving at a diagnosis, such as learning more about the duration of one’s depression and the symptoms of the client

MINIMUM-LED QUESTION

incorporates information that the client has provided and implies that the information has significance. An example of this is “What meaning did you attach to your husband’s repeated late nights at the office and occasional failure to come home at all?

CULTURE

way of life and encompasses the community and the individual’s belief system, values, practices, and traditions

SOCIAL WORK

both an academic discipline and profession concerned with the social functioning of all people– strives to prevent and solve social, relational, and interactional human problems

SOCIAL FUNCTIONING

clients ability to accomplish the activities necessary for daily living and to fulfill major roles as required by a particular community and to fulfill major roles as required by a particular subculture or community.

SOCIAL WORKERS

has an extensive background in Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology which enables them to understand the human individual and the world– they also study the biological sciences and check their observations against data from these disciplines

PRACTICE WISDOM

knowledge in social work is based on, which is a form of knowledge derived from the collective experience of several generations of social workers

SOCIAL WELFARE AND SOCIAL WORK

sometimes used interchangeably

SOCIAL WELFARE

broader concept that encompasses social institutions and fields of practice which do not relate to social work (psychiatry, urban planning, and education) which is more specific

PURPOSE OF SOCIAL WORK

enhance the problem solving and coping capacities of people, prevent the development of serious personal and social problems, restore and maintain the social functioning of people,link people with systems and resources that can provide support, services, and opportunities, promote the creation and development of humane and effective social policies and human services programs, plan, develop, and administer social programs and projects with social agencies, promote the effective and humane operation and administration of social work organizations and human services delivery systems, protect the vulnerable and disadvantaged from destructive social influences, protect the community from people who consistently harm others, develop and teach the knowledge and skills needed to accomplish these purposes

PREVENTION

timely interventions of the social worker before serious problems emerge– involves the provision of financial assistance as well as services and facilities such as marriages counselling and well-baby clinics

RESTORATION

rehabilitation of clients whose functions have been impaired by physical or mental issues

REMEDIATION

elimination of the existing problems such as drug addiction/substance abuse– social workers engage in case, group work, community organization, social research, and social action

CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK

applying principles and techniques in addressing psychosocial problems, including mental and emotional disorders

INDIRECT PRACTICE

when engaged, the social worker acts on behalf of a group to address a specific problem

SOCIAL JUSTICE

social workers aim to create changes in society to address the plight of the vulnerable and the oppressed, they work to address issues such as poverty and inequality, and help people find resources, services, and information that will help them satisfy their needs

INTEGRITY

social workers demonstrate trustworthiness, truthfulness, and responsibility– they also ensure that their practices are ethical and make a positive image for the organizations they represent

IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

social workers know that the large-scale changes in communities can only take place when people trust one another– social workers establishes connections among their clients and other people and improves well-being of individuals and groups in a community

DIGNITY AND WORTH OF THE PERSON

social workers treat everyone with concern and respect– sensitive toward cultural and ethnic differences among individuals

ABSOLUTE CONFIDENTIALITY

situation where the social worker is the only person who holds information from the client

RELATIVE CONFIDENTIALITY

most social work practice involves

HUMAN SERVICE BROKER

social workers builds connections between their client organizations that provide access to resources and must therefore know their actual needs and where to find the corresponding resources to address these needs

TEACHER

social worker is expected to teach their clients the knowledge and skills necessary to prevent problems, enhance their social functioning, and empower them and they can also be an academic, teaching in social work institutions in colleges or universities

COUNSELLOR

social worker serves as counsellor to clients faced with health or mental issues and other difficult situations– to be an effective counsellor, the social worker must have an understanding of human behavior and how it can be affected by the environment

CASE MANAGER

social worker helps clients use services from various institutions and organizations and this is particularly important to highly-dependent and vulnerable sectors of the population like the seriously disabled, or elderly

WORKLOAD MANAGER

social worker must balance the needs of their clients and the agency they work for and social workers should always be able to maximize

STAFF DEVELOPER

social worker helps their agency staff members to develop professionally and centers on maximizing the effectiveness of professional helpers

ADMINISTRATOR

social worker also serves both in public and private agencies and they can also implement policies, programs, and services in their respective organiztions

AGENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE

social worker identifies community issues and problems, assesses the needs of the community, and finds ways to improve quality of life and they work to obtain and sustain resources for the community