D564: Readiness Quiz Third Try with complete verified solutions 2025-2026(PASSED)

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central conflict of adolescence?

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Which concept refers to the part of the mind that contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are outside of conscious awareness?

Unconscious

What does the Id represent in Freudian theory?

Pleasure principle

According to object relations theory, what is the primary goal of therapy?

Rebuilding positive object relations and internalized representations

Who is credited with developing object relations theory?

Melanie Klein

What is a key concept in object relations theory within the psychodynamic lens?

Attachment and relationships

What aspect of psychodynamic theory focuses on the process of bringing unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness?

Insight and interpretation

In a therapy session, a client talks about recurring dreams involving water and drowning. How might a therapist using the psychodynamic lens interpret this?

As a representation of unconscious desires or emotions

In a workplace setting, an employee consistently seeks approval and validation from authority figures. How might a manager using the psychodynamic lens approach this behavior?

Explore potential underlying feelings of inadequacy or insecurity

A student frequently procrastinates on assignments and has difficulty managing time effectively. How might a counselor using the psychodynamic lens view this behavior?

As a symptom of deeper anxiety or avoidance tendencies

An individual experiences frequent mood swings and struggles with regulating emotions. How might a therapist using the psychodynamic lens approach this emotional dysregulation?

Explore underlying unconscious conflicts or unresolved emotions contributing to the mood swings

Which theory of personality focuses on genetic and neurological factors as determinants of behavior and personality traits?

Biological theory

Which theory of personality emphasizes observable behaviors and the influence of external stimuli and conditioning?

Behavioral theory

Which neurotransmitter is often linked to traits like sensation-seeking and impulsivity in biological personality theories?

Dopamine

In behavioral theories of personality, what is the role of reinforcement and punishment?

Conditioning observable behaviors

A school counselor uses a behavioral theory approach to help a student overcome test anxiety. What might the counselor focus on?

Teaching relaxation techniques and positive reinforcement

A neuroscientist conducts brain imaging studies to investigate the neural correlates of personality traits. Which theory aligns with this research approach?

Biological theory

A behavior analyst works with a child with autism spectrum disorder to teach social skills through Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA). Which theory underlies this therapeutic approach?

Behavioral theory

Who proposed the social-cognitive theory, emphasizing the interaction between cognitive processes, environmental factors, and behavior?

Albert Bandura

What is a central concept in social-cognitive theory?

Self-efficacy

Who introduced the concept of reciprocal determinism, suggesting that behavior, personal factors, and environmental influences interact and influence each other bidirectionally?

Albert Bandura

A coach employs social-cognitive strategies to improve athletes' performance. What aspect might the coach focus on?

Self-efficacy beliefs and goal setting

A marketing strategist applies social-cognitive principles to influence consumer behavior. What strategy might be employed?

Using modeling and testimonials in advertisements

A social worker utilizes social-cognitive principles to empower clients and promote positive change. What strategy might the social worker employ?

Using cognitive-behavioral techniques and goal setting

A conflict resolution specialist uses social-cognitive strategies to facilitate communication and understanding among parties. What approach might the specialist take?

Using active listening and modeling effective communication

Who is considered the founder of humanistic psychology and the person-centered approach?

Carl Rogers

What is the central concept of humanistic psychology?

Which humanistic theorist introduced the hierarchy of needs, suggesting that individuals strive to fulfill basic needs before higher-level needs?

What is the focus of the person-centered approach in humanistic psychology?

Providing unconditional positive regard and empathy

Who emphasized the importance of the self-concept and congruence between self-perception and reality in humanistic psychology?

Carl Rogers

What does the humanistic perspective emphasize as crucial for personal development and psychological well-being?

Self-awareness, self-acceptance, and self-expression

In a counseling session, a therapist uses the humanistic approach to help a client overcome self-doubt and improve self-esteem. What technique might the therapist employ?

Active listening and empathy

A therapist uses the humanistic perspective to help individuals navigate existential crises and find meaning in life. What aspect might the therapist focus on?

Promoting self-awareness and personal responsibility

A mental health facility incorporates humanistic approaches into therapy sessions for individuals with anxiety disorders. What techniques might therapists use?

Mindfulness practices, self-exploration, and acceptance

Which theory emphasizes the role of culture in shaping personality?

Cultural-ecological theory

In collectivist cultures, which trait might be more emphasized compared to individualistic cultures?

Group harmony and cooperation

Which research method involves observing and recording behavior in real-life situations without manipulation?

Naturalistic observation

Which method allows researchers to explore the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them

Correlational studies

What is the definition of personality dynamics?

The interaction of various psychological systems that influence behavior and experiences

What aspect of behavioral theories emphasizes the influence of external stimuli and reinforcement on behavior?

Operant conditioning

Why is discrimination learning important in Skinner's theory of behavioral development?

Continuing behaviors even without rewards

Which of the following best describes Carl Rogers' concept of the actualizing tendency?

The natural inclination to grow, develop, and reach one's full potential

.What is the motivation directly above esteem needs in the hierarchy of needs proposed by Maslow?

Self-actualization

What did Bandura claim were components in reciprocal determinism that influence behavior?

A person's environment, previous behavior, and perception

How is the cognitive affective personality system CAPS different than trait theory?

The CAPS model focuses on cognitive and emotional patterns while the trait theory focuses on measurement of personality traits.

What is the difference between deficiency motivation and being motivation, according to Maslow?

Deficiency motivation results from a basic unmet need; being motivation results from the need to actualize

Which social cognitive perspective did Mischel's theory eventually replace?

Global trait theory

Which component of personality did Freud suggest operates on the reality principle?

Ego

Which element is a component of personality?

Long-standing traits

Which two factors increase the probability a person will drop out of school?

Low self-efficacy and low outcome

Who is Gordon Allport ?

Gordon Allport developed trait theory and believed personality is made of stable traits that influence behavior .

What are cardinal traits ?

traits ? Cardinal traits are dominant traits that shape a person's entire behavior and identity .

What are central traits ?

Central traits are general characteristics found in some degree in every person .

What are secondary traits ?

Secondary traits are traits that appear in specific situations and are less consistent .

What is personology ?

Personology is Allport's focus on the study of the whole person and their unique traits .

Who is Raymond Cattell ?

Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to identify 16 personality factors 16PF

How does Cattell's theory differ from Allport's ?

Cattell reduced Allport's many traits to 16 basic factors using statistical analysis .

What is the Five - Factor Model ?

The Five - Factor Model suggests personality has five major dimensions .

What does the acronym OCEAN stand for ?

OCEAN stands for Openness , Conscientiousness , Extraversion , Agreeableness , and Neuroticism .

Define Openness :

Openness means being curious imaginative , and open to new experiences .

Define Conscientiousness :

Conscientiousness means being organized , responsible , and goal - directed .

Define Extraversion :

Extraversion means being outgoing , energetic and sociable

Define Agreeableness :

Agreeableness means being kind , cooperative and compassionate .

Define Neuroticism :

Neuroticism means being emotionally unstable anxious , or moody .

What is the biological approach to psychology ?

The biological approach studies how the brain nervous system , and genetics affect behavior and personality

What is evolutionary psychology ?

Evolutionary psychology explores how traits and behaviors have evolved for survival and reproduction .

What is adaptation in psychology ?

psychology ? Adaptation is the process of developing traits that help an organism survive and reproduce

What is heredity ?

Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes .

What is a neurotransmitter ?

A neurotransmitter is a chemical that transmits signals in the brain and influences mood and behavior .

What is temperament

Temperament refers to the natural part of personality seen in early childhood , such as emotional reactivity .

How do genetics influence personality ?

Genetics provide a biological basis for traits and influence aspects like temperament and emotional responses

Who is B.F. Skinner ?

B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who studied how reinforcement and punishment shape behavior .

Who is Walter Mischel ?

Walter Mischel challenged the idea of stable personality traits and focused on how behavior changes across situations .

What is the CAPS model ?

The CAPS ( Cognitive - Affective Personality System ) model explains personality as patterns of how we think and feel in response to different situations .

What are biological influences in the CAPS model ?

Biological influences refer to inherited traits and brain processes that shape our thoughts , feelings , and behaviors .

What are cognitive - affective units ?

Cognitive - affective units are mental and emotional patterns like beliefs , goals , and feelings that influence how we respond to situations

What are individual differences ?

Individual differences are the unique ways people think , feel , and behave based on personal traits and experiences .

What is the person - situation debate ?

The person - situation debate asks whether behavior is more influenced by personality traits or the situation .

What are situational factors ?

Situational factors are external circumstances that influence how we behave in a given moment .

Who is Albert Bandura ?

Albert Bandura developed the social - cognitive theory , emphasizing learning through observation and the importance of self - beliefs

What is the social - cognitive perspective ?

The social - cognitive perspective sees personality as shaped by the interaction of behavior , personal factors , and the environment .

What is observational learning ?

Observational learning is learning by watching others and imitating their behavior .

What is self - efficacy ?

Self - efficacy is the belief in your own ability to succeed in specific situations .

What is the Marshmallow Test ?

The Marshmallow Test studied children's ability to delay gratification by choosing a bigger reward later instead of a smaller one now

Why is delayed gratification important ?

Delayed gratification is linked to better self- control success and emotional regulation later in life

What role does culture play in social- cognitive theory ?

Culture shapes what behaviors are modeled , valued , and reinforced , influencing personality development

Why does Bandura believe self- regulation is important , especially in children ?

Bandura believes self - regulation helps children control impulses , stay motivated , and make responsible choices . view on

How does Bandura's view on self- regulation relate to Mischel's concepts ?

Both Bandura and Mischel highlight how self- control and thinking patterns guide behavior , but Bandura emphasizes learning from models while Mischel focuses on mental - emotional patterns in situations

Who is Carl Rogers ?

Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist who developed person - centered theory focused on personal growth and self - understanding .

What is person - centered theory ?

Person - centered theory says people have a natural drive to grow and become their true selves in a supportive environment .

What is the ideal self ?

The ideal self is who a person wants to be or strives to become .

What is the real self ?

The real self is who a person actually is , based on their true experiences and behaviors .

What is congruence ?

Congruence is when a person's real self and ideal self are closely aligned .

What is the organismic valuing process ?

The organismic valuing process is an inner sense that helps people recognize what is truly good for their growth and well - being .

Who is Abraham Maslow ?

Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who created the hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation .

What is self - actualization ?

Self - actualization is the highest level of personal development where a person reaches their full potential .

What are physiological needs ?

Physiological needs are basic survival needs like food , water , and shelter .

What are safety needs ?

Safety needs involve feeling secure , stable , and free from danger .

What are love and belonging needs ?

Love and belonging needs are the need for close relationships , love , and social connection .

What are esteem needs ?

Esteem needs include self - respect , confidence , and being valued by others

What are self - actualization needs ?

Self - actualization needs are about achieving personal growth , creativity , and fulfilling one's potential .