glossary 9

mla format

formate used by most humanity majors

epigraph

quote at the beginign of a work

transition

words that move reader from one idea to another

synthesis

to combine elements to form a whole

ethos

authority or credibility of the speaker

pathos

a way of persuading an audience using emotions

logos

persuading using reason, facts, stats, and logic

logical fallacies

flaws in reasoning that lead to illogical statements

circular reasoning

claim is only reasonable to those who agree with reasoning

equivocation

vague/ambiguous language used to mislead audience

guilt by assocation

if they are same group as guilty, they are guilty

glory by association

if they are in a glorified group, they are good

appealing to pity

overwhelming appeal to sympathy without relevant facts to back it up

appealing to prejudice

racist, sexist, and homophobic remarks that pray on audiences prejudice

appealing to tradition

because that they way it has always been

appeal to authority

claim is more true because valid authority on issue said it was without any evidence

false analogy

comapred items are not analogous enough for it to be relevant

ad hominem

attacking character instead of argument

post hoc/false causes

making correlation a causation

ignoring question

not addressing real question

red herring

using irrelevant or similar issue to distract audience from issue at hand

hasty generalization

not enough evidence to support claim

opposing straw man

addressing an evil rather than real issue

false dilemma

posing alternatives between 2 choices without addressing all solutions

non sequitur

reasoning that does not follow

slippery slope

one misstep will lead to undesirable end

middle ground

middle ground between two extremes is correct

gaslighting

you are wrong about that fact (manipulation)

subjective

opinions can change based on person

objective

facts, cannot change based on person

proponent

support

opponent

against

call to action

speaker want audience to do something, usually at the end of speech