Online History One Timeline #9 and #10 for Prof Jenson at Masters university

Online History One Final Exam for Prof Jenson at the Masters University

Bartholomeu Dias reaches the tip of Africa

1488

Treaty of Tordesillas - agreement to decide the Americas

1494

Balboa “discovers” the Pacific Ocean

1513

Hernan Cortes conquers the Aztecs in Mexico (Mexico City falls)

1519 - 1521

Magellan’s crew circumnavigates the globe

1520 - 1522

Fransisco Pizarro conquers the Incas in Peru

1531 - 1533

1st permanent European (Sp.) settlement in the US - St. Augistin, FL

1565

1st successful English settlement in North America - Jamestown, VA

1607

Carrying pilgrims, the Mayflower lands at Plymouth, MA

1620

The Dutch buy Manhattan Island from the Native Americans

1626

Amerigo Vespuccci

Florence geographer - coasted along Brazil and determined that Columbus had not landed in Asia but in the “new world”. The name “America” came from this guys name

Astrolabe

Measured the distance of the sun and stars above the horizon and allowed for fairly accurate calculations of the ship’s distance above and below the equator

Cartography

the science of mapmaking

Compass

degrees of the compas came after the increase of details on a map

Conquistador

Spanish for “conqueror” and refers primarily to the Spanieards who conquered territory in the new world. The two most successful conquests were “Cortes” and “Pizarro”

Galleon

a large-hulled ship to carry cargo - often carried guns for protection

Pedro Cabral

he left Lisbon in March 1500 and took a course too far west - reached Brazil

Pocahontas

Native American “princess” - daughter of Powhatan, Chief of the Indians in the region of Virginia - Christian name is Rebecca

Ponce de Leon

Led an expedition to explore an island north of Cuba - he reached “Florida” at a point near St. Augustine and then explored the Florida Keys

Prince “Henry the Navigator”

Apparently led some expeditions himself - however, he also sponsored both nautical studies and expeditions along the African coast where the Portuguese established a lucrative gold and slave trade - in the 1430’s, Portugal pressed south to the Canary Islands and the Azores

(between 1450 and 1600) / GREEN / “Wealth”

The ____ of prosperous Europeans increased dramaticly - led to the capacity to invest in luxury goods

(Between 1450 and 1600) / GREEN / “Europe”

Population of W. Europe increased rapidly - as the number of those in the landed classes exceeded the supply of available land, the sons of the aristocracy looked beyond ______.

Intermediaries

Trade between Europe, Africa, and the orient existed for centuries - usually through ______.

monopolies

W. European merchants sought to break those _______ and go directly to the sources

/ Green / West Africa

for gold, slaves, and pepper

India

for pepper, spices, and skills

overland trade route; hindered

the________________ to Asia was __________ by the Ottoman Turks - a sea route was desired

/ GREEN/ technological

Beginning in the 15th century, there was a rapid __________ revolution in the west

did not believe the world was /GREEN/ flat

Sailor of the 15th century_____________________- Columbus thought Asia was about 5,000 miles to west - he was 7,000 miles off

/ GREEN / Guns

the earliest were big cannon, then handheld firearms and mobile field artillery

Sailing ship

galley ships were driven by oars - unsuitable for the Atlantic.

Caravel; headwind

Created by the Portuguese, the _______ was a ship with large square sails for moving forward. It also had smaller triangular sails for sailing (in a zig zag pattern) into a _______.

The Gunned ship

a caravel sailing ship but with guns - gave the west superiority

GOD, / GREEN/ GREED, and GLORY

believed that making contact with the heathens and converting them to Christian (RCC) then it would turn the whole world Christian.

Profits and precious metals -/GREEN/ Gold was the common currency of Europe- silver also desirable - profits through trade were sought, especially through spices because spices made meat more palatable

should and expedition succeed, all of Europe would know it - kings sought to expand their kingdom

/ BOTH GREEN/ the lead; west

Portugal took ________ in exploration (not distracted with domestic issues) - determined to find a sea route to Asia - had no intention of heading ____ to get there - rather, go down the African coast

/ YELLOW/ Bartholomeu Dias (Portugal)

/ YELLOW/ rounded the Cape of Good Hope

/ YELLOW/ Vasco da Gama (Portugal)

/ YELLOW/ he sailed around Africa, then continued on to India and returned - the cargo of pepper and cinnamon covered the cost of the expedition 60 times over

/ GREEN/ Treaty of Tordesillas

the pope granted Portugal all land south of the Canary Islands and west of Africa - Spain appealed the decision and a compromise was reached in 1494 - named the _____________.

it drew a vertical line of demarcation through what is now South America - much to yet explore

Spain got the rights to all land west of the line; Portugal got the rights to all land east of the line

/GREEN/ Christopher Columbus

Genoese sailor, naval skills, worked for Portugal and finally convinced Queen Isabella to support him

1. believed that Asia could be reached quickly by sailing west from Europe

2. was granted only / GREEN/ 3 ships, 90 men, and some supplies

3. August 1492, he departed - October arrived at the Bahamas - then Cuba, finally Hispaniola (DR)

4. believed he had landed in Asia - location termed the “indies”- called inhabitants “indians”

5. cruel to the native people

6. for the rest of his life, Columbus believed that he had landed in / GREEN/ Asia

/ YELLOW/ Vasco de Balboa

/ YELLOW/ “discovered” the Pacific Ocean

/ YELLOW/ Hernan Cortes

/ ALL YELLOW/ Mexico - reached the Aztec Empire capital: Tenochtitlan - helped destroy Aztec civilization - Cortes conquered the great Aztec Empire in Mexico

/ YELLOW/ Ferdinand Magellan

/ YELLOW/ original crew returned to Spain having circumnavigated the globe

/ YELLOW/ Francisco Pizarro

/ YELLOW/ conquered the Inca Empire in Peru

/ YELLOW/ Juan Cabrillo

/ YELLOW/ discovered California

Sole Purpose

Spains’s settlements in the New World grew into colonies which had the __________ of bolstering the Spanish economy - the land was ravaged for gold, crops and anythying of value

/ GREEN/ Pirates

Rival nations and ______ drooled over the cargo that Spanish treasure ships carried across the ocean

Spain developed a convoy system to make the voyage safer (guard ships and galleons)

Also helping were fortified ports like St. Augustine, established in 1565 (oldest / GREEN/ city in the U.S)

Caribbean pirates - “blackbeard” and Welsh buccaneer: Henry Morgan

/ GREEN/ French

1. 1530’s - 1540’s, Jacques Cartier explored the St. Lawrence River looking for a Northwest Passage

2. the strong fur market expanded as broad - brimmed beaver fur hats become fashionable in Europe

3. in 1608, Quebec was organized by Samuel de Champlain - 1st permanent Fr. settlement in / GREEN/ Canada

4. Few French people moved to North America, two - thirds of those who eventually left

5. at one point, the French government paid / GREEN/ female orphans to go to Canada - it didn’t work out

/ GREEN/ English

1. 1577-80, Francis Drake became the 1st Englishman to sail aroudn the world; also robbed Sp. ships

2. between 1585- 87 attempts (financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh) were made to establish a White returned to England for supplies; his retrun back to Roanoke Island (in NC), however, was delayed by war (Spanish Armada attack on England) until 1590 - upon his return, the colony had been abandoned and the word “CROATOAN” was etched into a tree - the mystery of the / GREEN/ “Lost Colony” remains

3. in 1607, John Smith helped establish / GREEN/ Jamestown, England's first permanent settlement in the New World - self governed - cash crop: Tobacco

4. in 1620, English Pilgrims (aka Separatists) step ashore at what we call Plymouth, Massachusetts

5. by 1630, English Puritans landed/ settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1691 merge w/Plymouth)

/ GREEN/ Dutch

1. in 1609, Englishman Henry Hudson (Dutch employ) sailed up the river that now bears his name

2. Hudson was searching for a / GREEN/ Northwest Passage - c. 1611 his crew set him adrift to die

3. in 1624 Manhattan Island was initially settled by the Dutch West India Company

4. in 1626, the Island was purchased from the natives (price: 24$ in beads and trinkets???)

5. in 1664, The English captured the Dutch settlement (without a shot) and renamed it New York

/ GREEN/ Disease

Native cultures were undermined - N. American culture became geared toward war and the fur trade - Iberian - American cultures were nearly destroyed - between 1500-1600, the number of New World natives shrank (in millions) from about 20 to perhaps no more than 2 - the major cause was _________.

Black Africans were shipped; Dutch, Spanish, and English

After natives had succumbed to European diseases, _______________________ to the Americas for labor - the slave trade earned profits (at various times) for the _______________.

Columbian Exchange; diseases

The _________________- the exchange of Old and New World plants, animals, and _______.

Western Civilization

Going forward, world civilizations would be influenced, if not dominated, by ______________ - by 1900, Europe had mastery over most of the globe and wide - ranging influence over other civilizations

Martin Luther issues the 95 Theses

1517

Era of the Protestant Reformation

1517-1648

Ulrich Zwingli launches the Reformation in Zurich

1519

The Diet of Worms - Luther refuses to recant

1521

Anabaptist movement begins

1525

Henry VIII confirmed as supreme head (on earth) of the C. of E.

1534

John Calvan publishes 1st ed. of Institutes of the Christian religion

1536

Council of Trent and the Catholic Counter - reformation

1545 - 1563

Synod of Dort (formation of TULIP results)

1618 - 1619

The Thirty Years’ War - it ends with the 1648 Peace of Westphalia

1618 - 1648

Erasmus of Rotterdam (aka Desiderius Erasmus) (1466 - 1536)

Scholar and humanist, rgarded as “the scholar” of Europe and the “prince of humanists” - not really a reformer, but a promoter of reform

1. in the Praise of Folly - a satire, he exposed abuses in the / GREEN/ RC church by writing against moral corruption and denouncing the ignorance/ idleness of monks

2. In 1516, he edited the first printed / GREEN/ Greek NT (based on early MSS), This called scholars’ attention to the true gospel - argued that the Bible should be published in the vernacular

3. never left the RCC and criticized Luther’s theology - generally, humanists held an incomplete view of man’s fall - Erasmus believed human effort could contribute to salvation

What caused the reformation? - a combination of multiple factors

1. / GREEN/ corruption in the RCC - low clerical standards, a papacy distracted by worldly things

2. a new political climate: rise of monarchs/ rulers that were strong enough to challenge the RCC

3. the popularity of / GREEN/ mysticism - defined in this context to mean the desire of direct communion with God instead of using the church and/ or saints as intermediaries - personal devotion

4. a new intellectual climate - education of townspeople began to produce skepticism/ self reliance - by 1500 printing presses were in over 200 cities/ towns

5. the / GREEN/ providence of God - Martin Luther - born 1483; completed B.A./M.A in shortest possible time - on leaving school he suffered the “thunderstorm crisis” in 1505 - fearing for his life he cried out to saint Anne: “I will become a monk” - he gave away his possesions and joined the Augustinians - in 1507, ordained as priest - Martin is the Quintessential / GREEN/ “insider”

/ GREEN/ relevance

to understand divisions in christianity on must understand the reformation era - distinction: because you believe the authority of scripture does not mean you agree on how to interpret the scripture

/ GREEN/ Pope Leo X

1515 - Roman - ___________ issued a plenary (full) indulgence to raise funds for the completion of St. Peter’s Basilica - Albrecht of Mainz allows the Dominican order to sell St. Peter indulgences in his lands

Albrecht (Albert) owed a large sum to Rome for having granted him a special dispensation to become an ecclesiastical prince of three territories (two archbishop positions and an administrator) - he borrowed the money from the Fugger / GREEN/ banking house which emplyed an experienced indulgence salesman, Dominican John Tetzel to run the traffic - half of the proceeds go to Albrecht and the Fugger bank; other half to Rome

/ GREEN/ John Tetzel

January 1517 - German - _________ begins indulgence sales in German lands - the immediate cause of the reformation - these indulgences were crafted to make them especially appealing to anyone concerned about escaping the pains of purgatory or aiding relatives who were already in purgatory

The indulgence provided plenary “remission of all sins” and the punishments of purgatory would be “totally wiped out” - an indulgence purchased on behalf of those already in purgatory would fully remit their punishment - slogan: “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”

Ninety - Five Theses: / GREEN/ 95 theses

October 31, 1517 - German - Martin Luther (age 34) writes ______________ - these were academic pints for / GREEN/ scholarly debate written in Latin - drafted for Albrecht of Mainz, but some point posted on the church door in Wittenberg - a university custom

While Luther is clearly upset, the ____________ were not intended to attack the use of indulgences or the papacy, even though Luther clearly questioned some of the powers claimed for indulgences - the theses were translated into German/ reprinted in many cities

/ GREEN/ Zurich

January 1519 - Swiss - Ulrich Zwingli (1484 - 1531) launched/ led the reformation in _____, Switzerland by preaching Biblical sermons from the pulpit - this reform movement would spread rapidly in German - speaking Switzerland - in Zurich’s city-state, every newborn child was baptized and considered a member of the church - church and society were identical - Zwingli had no part in the revolution of believer’s baptism

/ GREEN/ Vote

June 1519- German - Charles V elected Holy Roman Emperor (ruled 1519- 1555) - the prince of Saxony, Duke Frederick III “the Wise” and “Elector” (1 of 7) - cast the deciding ____ in favor of Charles

/ GREEN/ Heritic

July 1519 - German - Luther debates RCC theologian Hohn Eck at Leipzig (multi- day) Luther defends Huss/some of Huss’ views - sum: Luther admits that he is a ______ as “defined” by the RCC

January 1521

German - Luther is excommunicated - the pope declared him a heretic and expelled him

/ GREEN/ The Diet of Worms

April 1521 - German - the ________ - Luther was a subject of Frederick the Wise - when the papacy moved to silence Luther, Gredderick insisted that his professor, a growing attraction at the University of Wittenberg, be heard on German soil and treated fairly - virtually all of Germany supported Luther

A commonality between Holy Roman / GREEN/ Emperor Charles V and his subjects was their RC religion - a break away German national church, or political union within Germany without provoking civil war

When Brought before the diet, Luther / GREEN/ refused to recant and possibly uttered: “here I take my stand” - Luther is granted 21 days for safe passage to Saxony before the sentence falls - ultimately he is condemned as a heretic and an / GREEN/ outlaw (anyone can kill him)

/ GREEN/ Wartburg Castle

April 1521 - German - upon leaving the diet, Luther is saved from arrest and death via “kidnapping” by representatives of Frederick - he is take to ______________ for a 10 month “captivity” (protection) - during this time he translated the Greek New Testament into German (pub. 1522)

Meanwhile, the revolt against Rome spread - princes, dukes, and electors defied the condemnation of Luther by giving support to the new movement

January 21, 1525

Swiss - in Zurich, Anabaptism was born - George Blaurock, upon confession of personal faith in Jesus Christ, asked Conrad Grebel for baptism in apostolic fashion - this leads to the first anabaptism cogregation - in essence, the first free church in modern times was born

/ GREEN/ Henry VIII

1527 - English - ____________ asked Pope Clement VII to revoke the dispensation granted from Julius II permitting him to wed his deceased brother’s wife

He wondered if Catherine’s inability to bear a / GREEN/ son was evidence of God’s curse upon the union - if granted, his c. 18-year marriage to Catherine of Aragon would now be invalid - the poope might have concurred had Catherine not been the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V - given the Rome invasion, the pope could ill afford to offend the emporor, so he stalled in deciding Henry’s request

/ GREEN/ Marburg

October 1529 - German/Swiss - Luther and Zwingli met at Philip of Hesse’s ________ castle (aka Colloquy) for discussion - agreement reached on 14 of 15 doctrinal points, however, on the issue of Christ’s presence in communion, an impasse - a cordial closing statement was crafted, yet later, both sides were critical of each other - Luther seemed to question the legitimacy of his opponent’s profession

Luther believed that there was a real physical presence of Christ in the elements, though they remained bread and wine (aka Consubstantiation) - Zwingli believed that Christ was spiritually present, but that communion was a memorial service

/ GREEN/ Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn

January 1533 - English - _____________________________ - in May, English Church Court declared Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void - in June, Anne Boleyn is crowned Queen - in July, Henry is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII - in September, Anne gives birth to a baby girl - She will be / GREEN/ Elizabeth I

/ GREEN/ Act of Supremacy

1534 - English - Parliament passed the _____________ which made the king the supreme head of the Church of England - break with Rome now complete - Henry looked to the Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest office in the Church of England, to serve the purposes of the priesthood - will be Thomas Cranmer

/ GREEN/ Burned at the stake

May 1535 - English - William Tyndale is betrayed and falls into the hands of chrch officials - after months in prison he was __________________________ - during his imprisonment, Miles Coverdale published the first edition of a complete English Translation of the Bible

July 1536

Swiss - William Farel convinces John Calvin (head of Strasbourg) to assist in the Geneva reformation - the city councils offered Calvin a position, Professor of Sacred Scriptures - later, opposition arose over who had the power to excommunicate: the church or the magistrates? - in April 1538, the city councils ordered Farel and Calvin to leave Geneva - Calvin returned in 1541 and remained until death in 1564

/ GREEN/ Special Loyalty

1540 - Roman- Pope Paul III approved the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) as a new religious order - founded by Ignatius of Loyola, they took a vow expressing __________________ to the pope - the aim of the order:

1. / GREEN/ Education - Jesuits became and remain among the best - educated clergy

2. Winning back areas from Protestantism

3. / GREEN/ Foreign missions - they dispatched disciples to four countries

1543

(representing the year of his last marriage) - English - the six marriages/ wives of Henry VIII

1. Henry marries (in 1509) Catherine of Aragon - they have a daughter - Mary

2. Henry seeks an annulment of his marriage to Catherine - seeks legitimate heir, affections “elsewhere”

3. Henry moves the C. of E. away from Rome and is free to marry again

4. Henry marries (in 1533) Anne Boleyn - they have a daughter - Elizabeth I

5. Anne Boleyn is executed for / GREEN/ adultery in 1536 - shortly after her death…

6. Henry marries (May 1536) Jane Seymour - she dies after giving birth to a son - Edward

The three children of Henry VIII

1. Edward VI (ruled 1547-53) the protestant child-king - died at age 16, most likely from tuberculosis

2. Mary I (ruled 1553-58) aka Mary Tudor - becomes the wife of Philip II of / GREEN/ Spain - unhappy reign/life

3. Elizabeth I (ruled 1588-1603) - the last / GREEN/ Tudor monarch, never marries - English “Golden Age”

January 1547

English - Henry VIII dies, his ten - year old son, Edward VI, ascends - the power of govt. under Edward rested with a group of royal adcisers who were in sympathy with the Protestant Reformation

English policy shifted abruptly in a / GREEN/ Protestant direction

/ GREEN/ Rome

July 6, 1553 - english - Edward VI dies and Mary I (aka Mary Tudor), the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, ascends - devoutly Catholic, she tried to lead England back to ______. In October 1553, Parliament restored Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine and repealed all of the religious reformation enacted under Edward VI - Thomas Cranmer replaced - the country interpreted her devotion to RC and her marriage to Philip II of Spain as a betrayal of her people - she was somewhat alienated from her subjects

November 1558

- English - Mary I dies and her 25 year old, half sister becomes Queen Elizabeth I - she was the daugher of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII - under her, the Anglican Church assumed its distinctive character, neither Roman nor Reformed, Marian Catholic legislation repealed - the Act of Supremacy declared her “Supreme Governor” of the Church of England - Worked hard for a compromise settlement

/ GREEN/ The French Wars of Religion

1562-1598 - French - ___________________ - a series of nine civil wars - while partly a struggle among aristocratic families, at stake was the freedom of worship for Huguenots (FR Protestants/ Calvinists)

/ GREEN/ Human Nature

Luther and other 16th - century reformers insisted that because of the fall, ______ was utterly depraved and could only be reformed by the grace of God - this emphasis on the true nature of fallen humanity is perhaps one of the most important contributions of the Reformation

/ GREEN/ Authority

In the Reformation era, Protestantism sought to address at least three crucial questions:

1. where does religious __________ lie

2. how is a person saved

3. what is the / GREEN/ Church

key issue of the reformation

Where does authority lie?

The reformation will demonstrate the power of God’s word in a dead world

The reformation sought to bring back three basic principles of biblical Christianity

1. the / GREEN/ Bible as the sole authority of the Christian faith - not the writings of early church fathers, popes, or councils - Sola Scriptura

2. justification by faith alone - sacraments unnecessary for salvation - Sola FIdes

3. Priesthood of all / GREEN/ believers - Christ is the only mediator, and true believers interact directly with Him and constitute the church under the authority of the Word of God

/ GREEN/Four Major ecclesiastical streams of the Reformation

Lutheran - Anglican - Reformed - Anabaptist

Geographical distribution

Norther Europe became predominantly / GREEN/ protestant while southern Europe remained predominantly / GREEN/ Catholic

Lutheran

organized y Martin Luther (1483-1546) and assisted by Philip Melanchthon - the principle Lutheran doctrine is that of “justification by faith alone” - salvation cannot be conferred by the church, but rather is the gift of God’s grace - the teaching of transubstantiation was also rejected

Anglican or Church of England

essentially two reformations: the first was constitutional, assigning the monarchy its place in the church - under Henry VIII / GREEN/ very little changed doctrinally - England essentially rejected the authority of Rome - the second reformation was theological in nature - that occurred later under Protestant and Puritan influence (began with Edward VI, resumed later)

“Reformed”

the term is used of various denominations, in the Reformed or Calvinist tradition - includes Presbyterians, many Baptists, Dutch and German Reformed Churches, Congregationalists = Calvin and his followers emphasized the rigorous pursuit of / GREEN/ moral righteousness - Character was a fundamental test of genuine religious life

Ulrich Zwingli

(1484- 1531) led the Reformation in Zurich, Switzerland - in 1549, the Zwinglians merged with the Calvinists through the Consensus of Zurich

John Calvin

(1509-1564) French born, led the Reformation in Geneva, Switzerland (aka the “protestant Rome”) - his Institutes of the Christian Religion summarized much of the Reformation thinking - referred to as the systematizer of the Reformation - Calvin’s work influenced: French Huguenots, English / GREEN/ Puritans, the Dutch Reformed Church, and Scottish Presbyterians