AMH2020 US History midterm

President Johnson’s

Reconstruction plan mandated the appointment of a provisional Unionist governor in each southern state.

Many former slaves preferred sharecropping over working for wages during Reconstruction because

Sharecropping freed Black farmers from day-to-day White supervision of their lives.

The first Native American appointed as commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1869 was

Ely Parker

Inventions like the typewriter and sewing machine impacted the lives of women in post–Civil War America because they opened new employment possibilities to many women,

although often on the basis of the idea that women would work for lower pay

The guiding philosophy behind the Ladies’ Home Journal was that

it promoted middle-class values of the time and the idea that women had a domestic role in life.

The development of the alternating current electric system was significant because

It enabled electricity to be transmitted across long distances

Mother Jones

promoted workers’ rights.

The effect of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was that it

revealed how polarized the relationship between the working poor and executives had become.

The American Federation of Labor (AFL)

was a group of separate national unions organized by delegates from craft unions, and it was primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains.

Proponents of the New South

believed that the South should build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.

As a result of the Sand Creek Massacre in which Colorado

militiamen slaughtered many peaceful Native Americans Congress and the army launched investigations that concluded the Native Americans had been murdered in cold blood.

In the 1880s the U.S. Supreme Court issued several rulings that impacted civil rights.

These so-called civil rights cases affected the legal protections included in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments because the Supreme Court ruled that federal laws cannot prevent private citizens or businesses from discriminating based on race, and they opened the door to state laws requiring “separate but equal” facilities.

After the capture of many of his people by U.S. soldiers,

Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce Indians gave a speech saying that the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people’s needless deaths.

Following the 1867 “Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes,”

Congress decided that the best way to end the Indian wars was to persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations.

An unintended consequence of the growth of urban populations at the turn of the century was

the growth of disease from the lack of sanitation in crowded city neighborhoods

The Interstate Commerce Commission was created

to regulate railroad freight rates

The Page Act of 1875 was the

first federal law to restrict immigration from one global region to the United States.

The name of the U.S. battleship that famously sank in Havana Harbor in 1898 is the 

Maine

Theodore Roosevelt believed in environmental preservation and

as a result, set aside federal land for conservation purposes.

The Great Migration

was the mass movement of African Americans from the South to the North in pursuit of better living conditions and jobs.

The result of the Fourteenth Amendment was that it

guaranteed citizenship to Freedmen and immigrant children born in the United States.

The Fifteenth Amendment protected the right of Americans to vote

regardless of color or race.

The term that President Grant used to describe his Native American policy was

Peace Policy

Sears, Roebuck and Company was a pioneer in selling goods by

mail order

The significance of the railcars connected to Pullman cars during the Pullman strike was that they were used as justification for a federal intervention,

as President Cleveland claimed that the strike must end because it interfered with the mail.

The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts

as farming required a lot of help.

The U.S. government encouraged new settlement in the West by sending the U.S. Army to drive Native Americans

to reservations and granted large land grants to railroad companies who then sold the land to ranchers and farmers.

The following statement accurately describes tenement houses in New York City during the Gilded Age:

They were crammed together and often housed twenty-four to thirty-two families.

The following is true of Herbert Spencer: He coined the phrase

“survival of the fittest.”

Chester A. Arthur failed to win a second term in 1884 because he lost the support of Republican party leaders,

and they did not nominate him to run for a second term.

In the election of 1892,

the political party that emerged to champion the interests of rural Americans in the South and West was the People’s party.

The following is true of William Tweed

he controlled the Tammany Hall ring in New York City.

Cholera, typhoid, and yellow fever have in common that

they can all be spread from poor sanitation conditions.

Until 1875, U.S. immigration policies were controlled by

the states.

The U.S. Contract Labor Act of 1864 provided that the federal government

would help pay for immigrants’ travel expenses to the United States

After the Civil War,

Americans generally favored isolationism in foreign policy.

The cash crop that made Hawaii valuable to the United States was 

sugarcane

The Teller Amendment sought to mollify nervous allies by

denying any territorial interest in Cuba

The significance of the events at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 was that a tragic fire took the lives of workers,

which resulted in meaningful government regulation of working conditions.

The following statement describes the Sixteenth Amendment:

it allowed the creation of a graduated income tax to help slow the concentration of wealth held by the richest Americans.

Freedmen’s Bureau

created on March 3, 1865 (Reconstruction). The purpose was to assist freedmen and women and their children. Significance: the first effort by the Federal government to assist people directly. “Provided medical care, food, clothing, and shelter. Established schools and colleges. Helped reunite families.”

Fourteenth Amendment

ratified July 9, 1868 (Reconstruction). Granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former slaves, but not Native Americans.  Significance: granted citizenship to former slaves and prohibited States from denying citizens their rights under the Constitution.

Fifteenth Amendment

ratified February 3, 1870 (Reconstruction). “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Significance: prevented citizens from being denied the right to vote based on race or former enslavement.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

(Gilded Age). Prohibited all Chinese laborers from emigrating to the United States for ten years. Significance: First federal law to restrict immigration based on race and class.

Dawes Severalty Act of 1887

(Gilded Age). “Divided tribal lands and allotted’ them to individuals, granting 160 acres to each head of a family and lesser amounts to others.” Significance: “most sweeping native American policy in U.S. History. Attempted to force Native Americans to become “Americanized.”

Mississippi Plan

1890 (Gilded Age). “A series of amendments added to the state constitution that nine other states would follow” which added voting regulations such as residency requirements, ability to read and understand sections of the U.S. Constitution as well as a poll tax. Significance: disenfranchised people of color.

Plessy v Ferguson

decided in 1896 (Gilded Age). The Supreme Court decided that segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment if the facilities were equal. Significance: The Supreme court ruled that segregation was constitutional.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 (Progressive Era). Theodore Roosevelt’s statement that the United States could, when necessary, intervene in Latin American countries to prevent outsiders from doing so. Significance: The United States used military forces to make Latin American countries pay foreign debts.

Square Deal

Progressive Era). President Theodore Roosevelt’s progressive agenda which featured the three Cs: “greater government control of corporations, enhanced conservation of natural resources, new regulations to protect consumers against contaminated food and medicine.” Significance: More regulation of businesses, land set aside for national parks and safer food and medicine.

Nineteenth Amendment

ratified August 18, 1920 (Roaring 20s). “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.” Significance: Granted women the right to vote.