GEOL 101 Exam Review 3

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Craton

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38 Terms

1

Craton

Very old, strong, and stable continental crust, consisting of the oldest rocks on Earth.

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2

Shield

Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks exposed at the surface, forming the core of continents.

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3

Orogenesis

The process of mountain formation due to plate interactions, involving convergence and divergence.

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4

Convergence

Mountains form where new crust has been added onto the craton. → ←

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5

Subduction

Process where one tectonic plate moves under another, leading to the formation of volcanic arcs and fold-thrust belts.

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6

Accretion of exotic terranes

Island fragments of continental crust with distinct geological histories merging at convergent margins.

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7

Divergence

Mountains form where crust has been ripped apart from it. ← →

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8

Continental to continental collisions

Convergence of continents leading to high-grade metamorphic rocks and fold-thrust belts.

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9

Rotation

A change in spatial orientation by tilting.

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10

Displacement

A change in location by fracturing. Examples include jointing and faulting.

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11

Distortion

A change in shape by folding.

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12

Brittle

Shallow in crust

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13

Ductile

Deep in crust

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14

Fault

Planar breaks in the crust showing displacement, classified by relative motion and geometry (e.g., normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip).

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15

Anticline fold

Arch-shaped fold where limbs dip out and away from the hinge.

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16

Syncline fold

Trough-shaped fold where limbs dip inward and toward the hinge.

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17

Dome

Fold resembling an overturned bowl, exposing older rock in the center.

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18

Basin

Fold shaped like an upright bowl, exposing younger rocks in the center.

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19

Stress

Force applied across a unit area, leading to deformation.

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20

Strain

Change in shape or volume in response to stress, with compression, tension, and shear as types of strain.

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21

Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)

A distinct boundary between the crust and the mantle where seismic waves are refracted.

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22

Low-velocity zone (LVZ)

Occurs beneath the crust (from 100-200 km) - the asthenosphere.

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23

P-wave shadow zone

Area where P-waves do not arrive at seismometers between 103° and 143° from the epicenter due to refraction.

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24

S-wave shadow zone

Area where S-waves do not arrive at seismometers between 103° and 180° due to inability to travel through liquids.

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25

Paleomagnetism

Studies how Earth's magnetic field is recorded in rocks, aiding in understanding past tectonic movements.

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26

Ridge push

Force driven by gravitational energy associated with the topographic elevation of the mid-ocean ridge.

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27

Slab pull

Force developed due to the denser old oceanic lithosphere sinking into the underlying asthenosphere.

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28

Compression

Deformation shortens and thickens the crust.

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29

Tension

Deformation lengthens and things the crust.

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30

Shear

Deformation neither thickens or thins the crust.

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31

Dip-slip faults

Characterized by blocks that move parallel to the dip of the fault (vertical).

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32

Normal fault

Hanging wall moves down relative to footwall.

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33

Reverse fault

Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall - high angle > 30°.

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34

Thrust fault

A type of reverse fault but with a low angle dip, < 30°.

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35

Strike-slip fault

When blocks move parallel to the fault plane strike. Tend to be vertical.

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36

Right lateral strike-slip fault

Fault block appears to move sideways and to the right past the observer’s block.

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37

Left lateral strike-slip fault

Fault block appears to move sideways and to the left past the observer’s block.

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38

Folds

Occur where rock has been deformed deep below the surface from tectonic compression (continental to continental convergent boundaries).

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