HLT 230 Final Exam Review - Question and Answer Flashcards

Flashcards from HLT 230 Lecture Notes

What are the macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, fats/lipids, and proteins

What are the micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals

What are the five characteristics of a 'nutritious' or 'healthy' diet?

Adequacy, balance, calorie control, moderation, and variety

What are the types of studies used in nutrition research?

Case study, epidemiological study, intervention study, and laboratory study

What are the assessment methods discussed which are used to evaluate nutrition status?

Anthropometry, biochemical methods, clinical methods, and dietary methods

What are the Recommended Nutrient Intakes?

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI), Estimated Average Requirements (EAR), and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)

What are the eight common allergens that require warnings on food labels?

Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat

What are the key steps in the process of behavior change related to diet?

Identify dietary problems, set realistic goals, small and achievable, and specific behaviors

What are the four tissue classes?

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective

What are the five basic chemical tastes?

Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

What organs produce digestive juices for chemical digestion?

Salivary glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, and small intestine

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

Heart, blood, and vessels

What makes up the Central Nervous System?

Brain and spinal cord

What are the two types of bone?

Compact vs. Spongy

What are the major physical factors contributing to body weight?

Water weight, muscle tissue mass, bone tissue mass, and fat tissue mass.

What are the monosaccharides?

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

What are the disaccharides?

Lactose, maltose, and sucrose

What are the two types of fibers?

Soluble and insoluble fibers

What two hormones regulate blood glucose levels?

Insulin and glucagon

What are the four parts to the kernel of a whole grain?

Germ, endosperm, bran, and husk

What happens in type 1 diabetes?

Own immune system attacks pancreas and lose ability to produce insulin

What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Lose sensitivity to insulin

What are the levels of saturation for fatty acids?

Saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated

What are triglycerides made of?

Fatty Acids & Glycerol

what is the structure of a Phospholipids?

Have a “Head” and “Tail”

Eicosanoids are derived from what unsaturated fatty acid?

arachidonic acid

What are the types of lipoproteins?

Chylomicrons, Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and High-density lipoproteins (HDL)

What are the essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

What physiological functions are proteins involved in?

Enzymatic, Structural, Transport, Hormonal, Defensive, Contractile, Receptor Proteins, Blood Clotting, Gene Expression

Name the essential amino acids.

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

What are the two categories of protein shapes?

Fibrous or Globular

What steps are involved in enzyme action?

Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site, Complex undergoes rearrangement of substrate, Product is released from enzyme

What are the cellular uses for the amino acid pool?

Build protein, make a needed compound, dismantle amino acid for component parts

What are the two types of metabolism?

Anabolism vs. Catabolism

What are the two types of Redox reactions?

Oxidation reactions and Reduction reactions

What is the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?

2 ATP

What are the components of fitness?

Flexibility, muscle strength and endurance, and cardiorespiratory endurance

What are the energy systems used by the body?

Stored ATP, Creatine Phosphate, Anaerobic fuel system, Aerobic fuel system

Name some ergogenic aids.

Antioxidant supplements, Caffeine, Carnitine, Creatine