IS Exam 2

chapters 4, 5, 7,

Intelligence

The ability to acquire, store, and apply knowledge

Artificial Intelligence

is software that enables an IS to mimic or simulate human intelligence

Knowledge

justified beliefs

Knowledge management

a process in an organization that creates value from intellectual capital and shares that knowledge with employees, managers, suppliers, customers, and others.

Reasoning AI

systems use logic. They acquire, store and apply knowledge in the form of logic. They use logical rules.

Good Old Fashioned AI

AI systems use logic. They acquire, store and apply knowledge in the form of logic.

A pattern-matching AI

system also seeks to act from perceptions, but does not try to copy the reasoning methods humans use.

Algorithm

is a series of computer instructions, like a recipe.

Boolean

Variables with two values are called ___ variables

Expert Systems

are rule-based systems that encode data from human knowledge in the form of If/Then rules.

If/Then rules

a rule that specifies if a particular condition exists, then to take some action.

Knowledge Base

Knowledge rules are stored in the export system sometimes referred to as a ___.

Inference engine

applies logical rules to the knowledge base to derive new knowledge.

NN Neural Network

a technique of AI inspired by the networks of neurons in our brains and central nervous systems. Also called ANN.

Machine Learning

All techniques that use algorithms to discover patterns in data.

Supervised machine learning

we have a relationship or model in mind before we train an AI system.

Unsupervised Machine Learning

we do not know the structure of our database beforehand.

Deep learning

adjusts weights at different layers.

NLP

studies how AI systems acquire, store and apply natural language data and how computers make sense out of human language.

Narrow AI

accomplishes a narrowly defined intelligent task such as generating a recommendation.

Broad AI

is flexible and general intelligence.

Singularity

a runway cycle self-improvement.

Superintelligence

a system that can exceed human intelligence on any subject.

Robot

an autonomous, lifelike machine that performs an action in place of a person.

Autonomy

ability to operate at least in part without direct human intervention.

Robotics

the design, construction, and use of autonomous machines that mimic human or animal actions.

Autonomous database

system that takes unstructured data, applies AI, and creates a database from it.

Ambient AI

 an inconspicuous, omnipresent system that autonomously responds to our inputs.

Deepfake

a story or image of something that did not occur with intent to mislead

Database

self describing collection of integrated records

byte

a character of data. an 8-bit chunk

Columns

fields/ groups of bytes (on database table)

Fields also called columns

groups of bytes (on database table)

Rows/ records

a group of columns in a database table

Table/ File

a group of similar rows or records

key/ primary key

a column or group of columns that identifies a unique row in a table

foreign key

a column or group of columns that represents relationships

relational databases

a database that carries their data in the form of tables and that represent relationships using foreign keys

relation

the more formal name for database table

metadata

data that describes data

database application system

applications, having the standard 5 components, that make database data more accessible and useful. Uses DBMS to process the database tables.

Database Management System (DBMS)

program used to create, process, and administer a database. Licensed operating system.

DB2

Popular DBMS products from IBM

Access

Popular personal and small workgroups DBMS product from Microsoft

SQL Server

a popular enterprise-class DBMS product from Microsoft

Oracle database

a popular enterprise-class DBMS product from the Orcle Corporation

MySQL

a popular enterprise-class DBMS product that is license-free for most applications

Structured Query Language (SQL)

an international standard language for processing database data.

Database administration

A third DBMS function to provide tools to assist in the administration of the database.

Database App

A collection of forms, reports, queries an

form

Data entry’s used to read, insert, modify and delete data

Reports

show data in a structured context

Query

A request for data from a database

Multi-user processing

when more then one user is processing a database

Lost update problem

an issue in the multiuser database processing in which two or more users try to change the data but the database can’t make all those changes b/c it was not designed to process changes from multiple users.

Enterprise DBMS

products that process large organizational and workgroup database.

Data Model

describes the data and relationships that will be scored in the database

Entity-relationship (E-R) data model

a tool for constructing data models.

entity

is something that the users want to track

relationships

an association among entities in an E-R model or association among rows of a table in a relational database.

Entity-relationship (E-R) diagrams

diagram used by database designers to document entities and their relationship to each other

Crow’s feet

Lines on an entity-relationship diagram that indicates a 1: N relationship between two entities

One-to-many-relationships

Relationships involving two entity types in which an instance of one type can relate to many instance of one type can relate to many instances of the second type, but an instance of the second type can relate to at most one instance of the first.

Crows foot diagram 

a type of entity-relationship diagram that uses crows foot symbol to create a a 1: N relationship.

Maximum cardinality

Maximum number of entities that can be involved in a relationship

Minimum Cardinalities

Minimum number or entities required in a relationship

Normalization

the process of converting poorly structured table into two more well-structured tables

Data integrity problem

Situation that exists when the database contains inconsistent data.

Normal forms

a classification of tables according to their characteristics and the kinds of problems they have

Resources

items such as people, computers, and data and document collections

Operational Processes

Common, routine, everyday business processes such as Procurement and Sales

Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)

An information system that supports operational decision making

Managerial Processes

processes that concern resource use.

Ex: planning, assessing and analyzing

Strategic Processes

Seek to resolve issues that have long-range impact on the organization

Executive Support Systems (ESS)

Information systems that support strategic processes

Objective

A desired goal an organization has decided to pursue

Efficiency

A resource oriented process objective; a process is efficient if it creates more output with the same inputs or the same output with fewer inputs.

Effectiveness

A process objective that helps achieve an organizational strategy

Inbound logistics Process

Receive, store and disseminate product input

Procurement

An operational process that acquires goods and services

Outbound Logistics Processes

Collect, store and distribute products to buyers

Sales Process

Records the sales order, ships the product and bills the costumer

Service

In SOA, a repeatable task that a business needs to perform

Human resource processes

assess the motivations and skills of employees.

ex: Job popssitions, investigate employee complaints and staff

Technology development processes

designing, developing and testing technology in support of the primary activities

Infrastructure Processes

Essential supporting processes in the organization that enable day-to-day operations

Process improvment

A process beter achieves its objectives based on its measures

Measures/ Metrics

Quantities assigned to attributes

Key Performance Indicators (KPIS)

In process improvement, the measures selected by managers to use assess process performance.

Control

Limits behavior 

Exceptions 

Unexpected or unwelcome outputs from process that require an action, the parts that don’t arrive

Automation

A computer does an activity or part of an activity that was once done by a person

Bottleneck

When one activity reduces the performance of the overall process

Slack

The time the activity is idle

Six Sigma

A popular strategy for process improvement that seeks to improve process outputs by removing causes of defects and minimizing variability in the process.

“as-is” diagrams

A diagram that represents the current situation and processes

“ought-to-be” diagrams

A diagram of suggested improvements to a current process

Information Silo

the data needed for a process activity is unavailable because it is stored in an isolated, separated information system. An island of automation

Collaboration 

A dynamic process

Project Data

Part of the collaborations work product, such as design documents