Study Guide on Catabolic Pathways, Photosynthesis, and Cell Cycle Concepts

These flashcards cover key concepts from catabolic pathways, photosynthesis, and cell cycle processes in biology, providing a comprehensive study resource for exam preparation.

The main reactants of the Krebs cycle are and .

Acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.

The final products of the Krebs cycle are __, __, and __.

NADH, FADH2, and ATP.

The complexes involved in the electron transport chain include __, __, __, and __.

Complex I, Complex II, Complex III, and Complex IV.

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is __.

Oxygen.

In mitochondrial cristae, the electrochemical gradient is established by __.

The pumping of protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The function of ATP synthase is to __.

Synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Lactic acid fermentation produces ATP per glucose molecule and occurs in cells.

2; muscle.

The process of alcohol fermentation produces ATP per glucose molecule and occurs in cells.

2; yeast.

The electromagnetic spectrum includes all forms of __, with ultraviolet rays having more energy than __ rays.

Electromagnetic radiation; infrared.

The range of visible light is to nanometers, with the color range including to .

400 to 700; violet to red.

The main photosynthetic pigments of plants are and , located in , absorbing light best at and __ wavelengths.

Chlorophyll a; chlorophyll b; chloroplasts; blue; red.

Thin layer chromatography is a technique used to __.

Separate and identify pigments and other compounds.

The stages of photosynthesis are divided into reactions and reactions.

Light-capturing; Calvin cycle.

When light hits an electron, it becomes and may be transferred to an in photosynthesis.

Excited; electron carrier.

The antenna complex functions to __ light energy and transfer it to the reaction center.

Capture.

Photosystem II functions to and produces .

Absorb light and split water; oxygen and protons.

Photosystem I functions to and produces from NADP+.

Absorb light; NADPH.

Photosystem II replaces its electrons by from water, while Photosystem I replaces them by from Photosystem II.

Extracting electrons; receiving electrons.

The Z scheme describes the flow of electrons, while cyclic photophosphorylation involves .

Linear; electrons cycling back to Photosystem I.

The products of light-capturing reactions include and .

ATP; NADPH.

The electron carrier involved in photosynthesis is __.

NADP+.

During the Calvin cycle, is fixed to produce .

Carbon dioxide; glucose.

The enzyme that carries out carbon fixation is __.

Rubisco.

The molecule that exits the Calvin cycle is __.

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).

C3, C4, and CAM plants differ in their methods of __, with C3 being the most common and CAM being adapted for __.

Carbon fixation; arid conditions.

Somatic cells are __, while reproductive cells are __.

Diploid; haploid.

Haploid cells have sets of chromosomes, while diploid cells have sets.

One; two.

Mitosis occurs during __, while meiosis occurs during __ of the organism's life.

Growth and repair; reproduction.

Interphase consists of three stages: __, __, and __, each characterized by specific activities.

G1, S, and G2.

Mitosis has five stages: __, __, __, __, and __.

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis differs in plants and animals, with plants forming a and animals undergoing a .

Cell plate; cleavage furrow.

Sister chromatids are joined at a .

Identical copies of chromosomes; centromere.

Microtubules attached to the kinetochore shorten by __, pulling chromatids apart during anaphase.

Depolymerization.

Checkpoints occur during the __, __, and __ stages of the cell cycle.

G1, G2, and mitosis.

Checkpoints ensure that conditions are met for __ to proceed, such as DNA integrity and proper growth.

Cell division.

Tumor cells exhibit characteristics such as and .

Uncontrolled growth; abnormal shapes.

Benign tumors are __, while malignant tumors can __.

Non-cancerous; invade other tissues.

Meiosis generates cells through divisions, resulting in daughter cells with sets of chromosomes each.

Reproductive; two; four; one.

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that are and .

Similar in shape and size; carry genes for the same traits.

A karyotype is a visual representation of and can be used to detect .

An organism's chromosomes; chromosomal abnormalities.

Autosomes are chromosomes that determine __, while sex chromosomes determine __.

Traits; gender.

Stages of meiosis I and II involve processes like and , which lead to genetic variation.

Crossing over; independent assortment.

Crossing over occurs during of meiosis I and results in chromosomes.

Prophase I; recombinant.

Non-disjunction is the failure of chromosomes to during meiosis, resulting in .

Separate properly; aneuploidy.

Aneuploidy refers to having an __ number of chromosomes, such as in monosomy or trisomy disorders.

Abnormal.

Embryos with autosomal monosomy often result in or .

Miscarriage; developmental issues.

Patau, Edward, and Down syndromes are caused by during meiosis, leading to chromosome conditions.

Non-disjunction; extra.

Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling assist in analyzing __ for genetic abnormalities during pregnancy.

Fetal cells.