BELIEFS MOCK

durkheim: bringing people together

• arunta clan

• follow the religion: totenism

• came together for group worshship

• such as, Sunday mass (catholic)

durkheim however

• doesn’t take into account secularisation

• less people in group worship, less sense of social solidarity

malinowski: emotional support

• trobriand islanders

• lagoon fishing: safe

• ocean fishing: rituals are more important

• such as, funerals

parsons: guides for how we act

• american protestantism

• core valued built on

• equality, meritocracy, working hard, democracy

• united multi cultural society

marx: ruling class ideology

• must be obidient

• ten commandments (christianity)

marx rci evaluation

• parsons argues that marx ignores the benefits of religion

• gives people core values

marx: false class consciousness

• divine compensation

• working towards the ultimate reward, being in the afterlife with god

marx fcc evaluation

• secularisation

• replaced with the internet

leach: social hierarchy

• church of england

• 80% bishops privately educated + oxbridge

• lower understanding of the w/c experience

• less motivation to change

leach however

• archbishop of cantnbury

• justin webly

• helped stop the exploitation of the w/c

hook: social hierarchy

• catholic church - conservative institution

• against contraception + abortion

• creates dependency of capitalism

hook: social hierarchy however

• pope francis

• more progressive attitude towards contraception

NM.otto maduro: liberation theology

• archbishop of san salvador

• used sermons to challenge oppression

• urged soliders and police officers to ignore orders to kill

otto maduro however

it could be argued that international politics is what interfered with the dictatorship

de beauvoir: subordinate women

• more restrictions put onto women

• such as, places of worship

• segregate the sexes e.g. women in the back, men at the front

de beauvoir however

• nams (new age movements)

• uplift women and often have them in power

saadawi however

• men use religion to justify cultural patriarchal practices

• e.g. men are viewed as superior so can use their power to get influential positions in islam

mary daly: myths

• religion teaches patriarchal myths used to justify male-only leadership

• e.g. eve committed the first sin, disobeying god

mary daly however

• church of england

• women were permitted to be bishops in 1994

grace davie: believing without belonging

• decline in organised religion

• people no longer go to church b/c they have to or b/c its ‘respectable to do so

  drawn to church at times of national tragedy

• e.g. praying at home

grace davie however

not all religions are declining

• islam

• hinduism

• sikhism

david lyon: reenchantment of the world

• growth of unconventional religions such as NAMs

• wiccan/ homeopathy

david lyon however

• religion is still important/ influential

• church of england has 26 seats in the house of lords

giddens: rise of fundamentalism

• west boro bapist church

• reject modern social changes

• insist their interpretation of Christianity is correct

giddens evaluation

• not all groups that resist social change are extreme

leger

• picking beliefs and practices based on needs

• christianity: christmas → go to church, christmas tree

• once christmas is over, relinquish traditions

leger evaluation

• lack of commitment

• no sense of loyalty

neo-liberalism

• laissez-faire

• deregulation: reduce government regulation of everything that could diminish profits

• privatisation: act of selling state-owned enterprises, goods and services to private investors

karl mannhiem

• utopian thought

• ideological thought

utopian thought

justifies social change, reflects interests of the underprivileged

• feminism

• marxisim

ideological thought

justifies maintaining social stability, benefits the privileged

• neo-liberalism

• liberal feminists

marxist ideology

• ruling class dominate society and maintain capitalism

• change: communism, classless society

feminist ideology

• society benefits men and oppresses women

• change: political and cultural change

• rad fem - living separately, matriachy

• lib fem - laws

characteristics of science

• objective information

• based on empirical data

• rational explanations for the world

• scientists value falsification

characteristics of religion

• condemns falsification

• claims based on religious texts

popper: science is a open system

• science builds on the knowledge of previous scientists to develop a greater understanding of cumulative knowledge

• falsification

• e.g. Isaac Newton

kuhn: science is a closed system

• any scientist who challenges the paradigm is likely to be hounded out of the proffession

• paradigm - norms and values, set of beliefs

• e.g. MacDougall: argued the soul has a weight (21 grams)

davie

women have a closer proximity to birth and death (child bearing, caring for elderly) brings them closer to ultimate questions

miller and hoffman

women are socialised to be more passive, obedient and caring - qualities that are valued by most religions

woodhead

• double alienation in the family

• NAMs offer a chance for self-exploration, provides identity and self worth

de beauvoir

women use religion as compensation for oppression

glock and stark

• orgasmic depravation

• ethical deprivation

• social deprivation

organismic deprivation

women are more likely to suffer ill health and thus to seek healing through religion

ethical deprivation

• women tend to be more morally conservative

• view the world as in moral decline and be attracted to sects

social deprivation

• women are more likely to be poor

• may explain why there are more women in sects as they attract poorer groups

callum brown

new age religions appeal to women’s wish for autonomy and attract women recruits

modood

• minority ethnic groups are more likely to attend places of worship than white people

• HOWEVER, chinese communities have lower levels of religiosity

bird

• greater levels of religiosity in countries of origin

• e.g. Pakistan - islam

bruce

• cultural defence

• cultural transition

cultural defence

• using religion to protect identity when under threat (racism)

• sanctuary, sense of community

cultural transition

• adapt to new culture and society

• find housing, jobs, social connections

under 15: more likely to go to church

• taken by parents (no choice)

• attend a church school (faith curriculum)

• born into the church (rites of passage)

15-45: less likely to go to church

• different habitus (music, language)

• different church (denomination - pentecostal)

• no time (children, work, school)

• NAMs, cults (audience) and sects

45+: more likely to go to church

• lonely (marginalised)

• conservative (partiachal, modesty)

• closer to death

voas and crockett: generational effect

• each gen become more liberal and secular

• silent gen + boomers

• norm to be conservative and go to church

• aging effect: concerned about after life

gill

children no longer receive religious socialisation

overall statistic

church attendance is beginning to lack importance, overtime

examples of NRMs

• crystal work

• tarot cards

• herbal remedies

postmodernist explanation: bauman

• people experience ‘crisis in meaning’

• form and join NRMs

• retain control and normality

heelas and woodhead

• congregational domain (church)

• holistic mileau (NAM, NRM) → will overtake CD

reasons for emergence of sects in society

• social change

• relative deprivation

wallis: social change

• second wave

• recruited m/c uni sutents

• disagreeing with american’s war with vietnam + racial segregation

• e.g. branch davidians

wallis evaluation

• too much emphasis

• NRMs are the product of counter culture rebellion

weber: economic depravation

• theodicy of misfortune

• looking for answers

• promised compensation for poverty

• e.g. jim jones - socialist community

norris and inglehart: economic depravation

• turn to NRMs

• provide security, comfort and compensation

• life threatening risks posed by poverty

reasons for sects life span

• second gen members

• leader death

neibuhr: leader death

• charasmatic leader dies

• due to hierachy, no successor

• members leave

• e.g. branch davidians, people’s temple

neibuhr: fervor

• second gen lack fervour

• not converted into denomination

• needs are met

neibuhr evaluation

• established sects

• isolate themselves from society

• e.g. amish

audience cults

• low committment

• shortest member life span

• e.g. astrology

client cults

• more organised

• provide service to client

• e.g. claivoyance

cultic movement

• isolation

• high committment

• e.g. heavens gate

church

• linked to the state (26 seats, CofE, house of lords)

• professional hierarchy (priest qualifications)

• monopoly of the truth

cults

• small membership

• broken away from mainstream church

• monopoly of the truth

• charismatic leader

• high commitment

• world-rejecting

sects

• smaller than cults

• emphasise opportunity and success

• open membership

• world affirming

denominations

• calmed down sect

• some hierarchy

• no monopoly of the truth

• world accommodating

modood

• minority ethnic groups are more likely to attend places of worship than white people

• HOWEVER, chinese communities have lower levels of religiosity

bird

• greater levels of religiosity in countries of origin

• e.g. Pakistan - islam

under 15: more likely to go to church

• taken by parents (no choice)

• attend a church school (faith curriculum)

• born into the church (rites of passage)

15-45: less likely to go to church

• different habitus (music, language)

• different church (denomination - pentecostal)

• no time (children, work, school)

• NAMs, cults (audience) and sects

45+: more likely to go to church

• lonely (marginalised)

• conservative (partiachal, modesty)

• closer to death

voas and crockett: generational effect

• each gen become more liberal and secular

• silent gen + boomers

• norm to be conservative and go to church

• aging effect: concerned about after life

gill

children no longer receive religious socialisation

overall statistic

church attendance is beginning to lack importance, overtime

examples of NRMs

• crystal work

• tarot cards

• herbal remedies

postmodernist explanation: bauman

• people experience ‘crisis in meaning’

• form and join NRMs

• retain control and normality

heelas and woodhead

• congregational domain (church)

• holistic mileau (NAM, NRM) → will overtake CD

reasons for emergence of sects in society

• social change

• relative deprivation

wallis: social change

• second wave

• recruited m/c uni sutents

• disagreeing with american’s war with vietnam + racial segregation

• e.g. branch davidians

wallis evaluation

• too much emphasis

• NRMs are the product of counter culture rebellion

weber: economic depravation

• theodicy of misfortune

• looking for answers

• promised compensation for poverty

• e.g. jim jones - socialist community

norris and inglehart: economic depravation

• turn to NRMs

• provide security, comfort and compensation

• life threatening risks posed by poverty

reasons for sects life span

• second gen members

• leader death

neibuhr: leader death

• charasmatic leader dies

• due to hierachy, no successor

• members leave

• e.g. branch davidians, people’s temple

neibuhr: fervor

• second gen lack fervour

• not converted into denomination

• needs are met

neibuhr evaluation

• established sects

• isolate themselves from society

• e.g. amish

audience cults

• low committment

• shortest member life span

• e.g. astrology

client cults

• more organised

• provide service to client

• e.g. claivoyance

cultic movement

• isolation

• high committment

• e.g. heavens gate

church

• linked to the state (26 seats, CofE, house of lords)

• professional hierarchy (priest qualifications)

• monopoly of the truth