AP World: Modern - AMSCO 4.7

Mehmed II

invited the Jews to settle in Istanbul after they were exiled from Spain

Akbar the Great

greatest emperor of the Mughal Empire who is remembered for his military successes, administrative achievements, and his religious tolerance

Roxelana

powerful woman in the Ottoman Empire. Wife of Suleiman

Qing Dynasty

China's last dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912

Manchu

ruled over the majority Han Chinese and other ethnic groups leaders of the Qing Dynasty

Li Chengdong

Han Chinese General who orchestrated three separate massacres in the city of Jaiding

Liu Liangzuo

Han Chinese defector who massacred the entire population of Jiangyin, between 74, 000 and 100,000 people

Louis XIV

French king who personified absolute monarchy and survived a failed uprising in the mid-1600s

Ivan IV

the Terrible, whose forces defeated Novgorod and confiscated the lands of his boyar opponents

timar

a system in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored. Also used to reward soldiers and keep them loyal

harem

a residence where a powerful man's wives and concubines lived

boyar

a landowning noble of Russia

nobility

the next highest level in European society after the royalty

serf

peasants who received a plot of land and protection from a noble

peninsulares

top of the social pyramid in Latin America, those born on the Iberian peninsula

criollos

those of European ancestry who were born in the Americas

castas

people in the Americas of mixed-race ancestry

mestizos

those of mixed European and indigenous ancestry

mulattos

Persons of mixed European and African ancestry

zambos

those of mixed indigenous and African ancestry

Barbary pirate

those who sailed the seas near North Africa along the coast

impressed

forced into service

queues

hair in the braided pigtail style of the Manchu

Sephardic Jew

Jews who traced their heritage back to Spain

Ashkenazi Jew

Jews from central and eastern Europe