Human Development test #2

Myelination

speeds up thoughts and behaviors

Preoperational stage

• Preoperational thought Before logical reasoning

• The child’s verbal ability permits symbolic thinking

• Languages frees the child’s from the limits of sensorimotor experience.

• Concentration

by 2…

a child’s brain weights 75% of what it will be in adulthood 

the brain reaches…

90% of adult weigh by age 6

ADHD

imbalance between the left and right sides of the prefrontal cortex and abnormal growth of the corpus callosum

Limbic system

Parts of the brain that are crucial in the expression and regulation of emotions

Amygdala

Tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

• middle of brain

Hippocampus

Brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations

Social development

Children start to learn how they play with one another, how they act at school. Some children need that attention form their teachers to further developed more. Children need to learn how to play with other children and see how children respond throughput the different types of play.

Language development

By the age of 6 most kids should know most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language; may speak a second language In the middle childhood a child learns thousands of new words and knows how to apply the correct grammar; become more flexible and logical, can understand prefixes, suffixes, compound words, phrases, metaphors, and figures of speech

Cognitive development

focusing on a child's development in terms of information processing, conceptual resources, perceptual skill, language learning, and other aspects of the developed adult brain and cognitive psychology.

Zone of Proximal Development

Range of skills a child can perform with guidance but not alone. An intellectual arena in which new ideas and skills children are close to mastering but cannot demonstrate independent. Learning depends on the wisdom and willingness of teachers to provide scaffolding or temporary sensitive support, to help with children within their developmental zone.

Erikson

• Industry vs inferiority – fourth of eight psychosocial crisis

• Children develop a sense of themselves as either industrials or inferior, competent or incompetent

Authoritarian

high behavioral standards, strict punishment of misconduct and a little communication.

• high control, low warmth

Permissive

high nurturance and communication but little discipline, guidance or control.

• high warmth, low control 

Authoritative

parents set limits and enforce rules but are flexible and listen to their children

Neglectful/ uninvolved

parents are indifferent toward their children and unaware of what is going on in their children’s lives (Sternberg)

Centration

Characteristic of preoperational thought whereby a young child focuses (centers) on one idea, excluding all others

Egocentrism

Young children’s tendency to think about the world entirely from their own personal perspective

Vygotsky

Social learning

• every aspect of children’s cognitive development is embedded in the social context 

Discipline: 

a way to teach kids to follow rules or correct misbehavior.

.Punishment

a form of negative discipline. It's often used to get rid of or end a behavior. 

Which is more common in early childhood: obesity or malnutrition?

Obesity is more common than malnutrition.

What eating habits increase the risk of obesity in young children?

Overfeeding and reliance on fast food.

Why does a child's appetite decrease between ages 2 and 6?

Because their growth rate slows down

How can forcing children to eat or withholding dessert affect them?

It can harm their ability to recognize their own hunger cues.

What is myelination and why is it important?

Myelination is the fatty coating on axons that speeds neural communication, improving thinking speed.

Why are impulsiveness and perseveration normal in young children?

Because their prefrontal cortex is still immature.

Which brain structure is responsible for fear and anxiety?

The amygdala.

What role does the hippocampus play?

It is responsible for memory.

What does the hypothalamus do in emotional regulation?

It regulates hormones in response to emotions.

What cognitive stage are children aged 2-7 in according to Piaget?

The preoperational stage.

Name two limitations of thinking in the preoperational stage.

Centration and egocentrism.

What is scaffolding in learning?

Temporary support tailored to a child's learning needs.

What is overimitation?

When children copy irrelevant adult behaviors.

Around what age does theory of mind begin to develop?

Around age 4.

What does theory of mind allow a child to understand?

That others have thoughts and perspectives different from their own.

How is theory of mind commonly tested?

Using false belief tasks.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's fourth psychosocial crisis in middle childhood, where children strive to master skills valued by their culture and gain recognition for their accomplishments.

Social Comparison

The process by which children compare themselves to peers rather than to abstract standards to judge their own competence and self-worth.

Resilience

Dynamic positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity; the capacity to successfully adapt to threats or challenges over time.

Family Structure

The genetic and legal connections between family members, including biological, marital, and adoptive relationships.

Family Function

How family members support each other emotionally and materially, providing stability, harmony, encouragement for learning, and safety.

Aggressive-Rejected

Children who are actively disliked due to antagonistic and confrontational behavior; they often lack friends and face social rejection.

Withdrawn-Rejected

Children disliked for anxious and worried behavior; they tend to be isolated, depressed, friendless, and are often targets of bullying.

Sociodramatic play

Acting out various social roles and plots with peers, developing theory of mind and social skills.