Microbiology: Parasites (Protozoa)

fecal-oral

ROT of GIT parasites

Entamoeba hystolytica

CA of amoebiasis

may reach 1 yr

Entamoeba hystolytica incubation

Amoebiasis (intestinal E. histolytica)

(+) dysentery

(-) fever

(+) flasked-shape ulcer

Liver abscess

—> anchovy-like discharge

Entamoeba hystolytica extra-intestinal symptoms

fecalysis

Entamoeba hystolytica diagnosis

Entamoeba hystolytica

precyst: cigar/sausage-shaped chromatoid bodies

Entamoeba hystolytica

trophozoite: hematophage “ingests RBC”

Metronidazole

Entamoeba hystolytica tx

drink clear mountain waterLehi

RF for Giardia lambia

aka giardiasis

CA: Giardia lambia

Leningrad’s curse CA

(+) steatorrhea

(+) malnutrition

(+) flatulence

Giardiasis s/sx

fecalysis —> trophozoite “old man’s eyeglasses”

Giardiasis dx and (+) result

Metronidazole

Giardiasis tx

Cryptosporidium parvum

diarrhea in HIV/AIDs

HIV (+): start HAART

HIV (-): nitazoxanide

Cryptosporidium parvum tx if

HIV (+):

HIV (-):

GIT

Organ system affected

E. hystolytica

GIT

Organ system affected

Giardia lambia

GIT

Organ system affected

Cryptosporidium parvum

reproductive

Organ system affected

Trichomonas vaginalis

sexual

Trichomonas vaginalis ROT

trichomoniasis

CA: Trichomonas vaginalis

(+) yellow green frothy discharge

(+) strawberry cervix

Metronidazole

Trichomonas vaginalis tx

Plasmodium spp

CA of malaria

Plasmodium spp

most important protozoan infxn due to inc death incidence

Anopheles plasmodium (female)

Plasmodium spp vector

man

intermediate host of Plasmodium spp

man; for asexual

Plasmodium spp site of schizogony

mosquito

Plasmodium spp definitive host

mosquito; for sexual

Plasmodium spp site of sporogony

48h, tertian

P. falciparum periodicity

Malignant

(+) cerebral

P. falciparum severity

all RBC

P. falciparum RBC affected

P. falciparum

Axostyl, Crescent-shaped gametocytes

P. malariae

Maurer’c cleft

old RBC

P. malariae RBC affected

benign

P. malariae severity

72h quartan

P. malariae periodicity

48h tertian

P. vivax periodicity

48h tertian

P. ovale periodicity

benign

P. vivax severity

benign

P. ovale severity

young RBC reticulocyte

P. ovale and P. vivax RBC affected

P. vivax, P. ovale

Plasmodium spp with hypnozoites as dormant stage in liver

P. vivax

Plasmodium spp. that enlarge cells

P. vivax

lemon cyst

P. vivax

schauffer’s dots

thick (ID malaria) and thin (ID species) blood smear

Plasmodium spp dx

Co-artem (Artemether and Lumefantrine)

tx for uncomplicated falciparum

Chloroquinone (but increased resistance)

Doxycycline — before, during and after

prophylaxis for Plasmodium

sporozoite

infective stage of Plasmodium spp to humans

merozoite

stage of Plasmodium where release from liver coincides with fever

gametocyte

stage of Plasmodium harvested by insect; infectious stage to mosquito

ingest oocyst (contaminated meat)

inhale oocyst (cat feces)

vertical (mother to child)

Toxoplasmosis gondii ROT (3)

toxoplasmosis

(+) retinitis

(+) encephalitis

fluorescent Ab test

toxoplasmosis dx

Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

toxoplasmosis tx

T. cruzi

American trypanosomiasis

T. brucei

African trypanosomiasis

T. cruzi

vector: reduviid, kissing bug, Triatoma spp.

T. cruzi

Chagas disease CA

(+) megacolon

(+) cardiomegaly

Chagas disease s/sx

Nifurtimox

American trypanosomiasis tx

T. brucei gambiense

West trypanosoma

T. brucei rhodensiense

East trypanosoma

T. brucei gambiense

T. brucei rhodesiense

Vector: tse-tse fly, Glossina spp.

T. brucei gambiense

T. brucei rhodesiense

Sleeping sickness CA

Pentamidine

tx West trypanosoma (early)

Eflornithine

tx West trypanosoma (late)

Suramin

tx East trypanosoma (early)

Melarsoprol

tx Early trypanosoma (late)

Leishmania spp.

vector: Phlebotomus spp sandfly

L. tropica

CA of cutaneous Leishmaniasis

L. brasiliensis

CA of mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

L. donovani

CA of visceral/kala-azar Leishmaniasis

Sodium stibogluconate

tx Leishmania spp

Blood and tissues

Organ system affected

Plasmodium spp

Blood and tissues

Organ system affected

Toxoplasma gondii

Blood and tissues

Organ system affected

Trypanosoma spp.

Blood and tissues

Organ system affected

Leishmania spp.

Balantidium coli

only ciliated protozoa that causes human disease

Balantidium coli

reservoir: pigs

Entamoeba coli

non pathogenic; trophozoite with nucleus seen w/o difficulty in fresh, unstained preparation

Iodamoeba butschlii (has iodine cysts)

contains cysts w/o glycogen