A descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
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Confounding Variable
A factor other than the factor that is being studied that may affect the study’s results.
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Control Condition
The group not being exposed to the treatment, compared with the results of the group being exposed to the treatment.
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Correlation
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.
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Correlation Coefficient
A statistical index of the relationship between two things.
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Dependent Variable
The outcome of an experiment that is measured.
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Double Blind
An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
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Experiment
A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.
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Hindsight Bias
The tendency to believe one would have foreseen an outcome after learning it.
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Hypothesis
A testable prediction.
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Independent Variable
The factor in an experiment that is manipulated.
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Mean
The average of a distribution.
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Median
The middle score in a distribution.
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Mode
The most frequently occurring number in a data set.
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Naturalistic Observation
A descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
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Operational Definition
A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study.
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Overconfidence
The tendency to be more confident than correct.
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Placebo Effect
Experimental results caused by expectations alone, in which the recipient assumes they have been given an active agent.
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Population
All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.
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Random Assignment
Assigning participants to control and experimental groups by chance.
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Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
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Range
The difference between the highest and lowest score in a distribution.
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