Unit 3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Henry IV

-Henry of Navarre was victor of the War of 3 Henrys becoming the first monarch of the House of Bourbon to take the throne.

-Created the Edict of Nantes in 1598 and converted from Protestantism to Catholicism with famous quote "Paris is worth a mass"

-Considered one of few moderates or politiques and is known as "Good King Henry"

Cardinal Richelieu

-Minister to Louis XIII from 1624-1642

-Main policy goals included 1. breaking the power of the nobility 2. weakening the Hapsburgs and 3. controlling the Protestants

-Paved the way for Absolute monarchy in France and French dominance in Europe

Louis XIV

-Also known as the "Sun King", monarch of France from 1643-1715 (longest rule of any monarch in major European country)

-Established a centralized state through Palace of Versailles, the intendant system, revoking the Edict of Nantes, mercantilism, and foreign wars

-"One king, one law, one faith" and "I am the state"

Cardinal Mazarin

-Chief Minister of France of 1642-1661 succeeding his mentor, Cardinal Richilieu

-Functioned essentially as co-ruler of France alongside Anne of Austria until Louis XIV was of age to rule

-Directed French policy

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

-Financial Minister of Louis XIV

-Promoted mercantilism and fine French products like perfume and lace

Frederick William the Great Elector

-Prussian ruler from 1640-1688

-Built a strong Prussian army and infused militarism into Prussian society

-Heavy taxation and religious toleration

Frederick William I

-"Soldiers King" ruled Prussia from 1713-1740

-Establishes Prussian absolutism and strong standing army

-Creates "kindergarten" schools for Prussian peasant children

Peter the Great

-Russian Czar from the Romanov family from 1682-1725

-Major policy of Westernization of Russian society including incorporation of Western style manufacturing as well as manner and dress

-Built St. Petersburg

Charles I

-Stuart king of England from 1625-1649

-Believed in Divine Right of Kings and attempted to bring absolutism to England

-Conflicted with Parliament and was executed by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritans

Oliver Cromwell

-Main leader of the Puritans in Parliament and opposition to Charles I

-Led the Roundheads and commanded the New Model Army against the Cavaliers in the English Civil War

-Ruled during the Interregnum between 1649-1658

William of Orange

-Leader of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands from the House of Orange

-Adversary of Louis XIV

-Becomes King of England with his wife Mary II in the Glorious Restoration of 1689 (William and Mary)

Junkers

-Landed nobility of Prussia

-Owned most of the arable land in Prussia

-Were an important factor in Prussian military, diplomatic, and political leadership

Boyars

-Member of the aristocracy of Russia

-Occupied the highest state offices and controlled much of the land

Cossacks

-Group of predominantly East Slavic people from the Ukraine and Southern Russia

-Often associated with their military tradition

Stadholder

Dutch upper class

Peace of Westphalia

-1648 Treaty that ended the 30 Years War and marks the end of the era of Religious Wars

-Re-established the Peace of Augsburg and gave independence to 300 individual nations in the Holy Roman Empire

-Establishes France as dominant continental power and see the rise of Prussia

Divine Right

Belief that a monarch's power derives from God and they have been chosen to rule

Fronde

-Series of civil wars between 1648 and 1853

-Aristocratic revolt against the French monarch

-Crisis for young Louis XIV that would later impact his relationship with the French aristocracy

Versailles

-Palace constructed by Louis XIV outside of Paris

-Meant to glorify his rule and subdue the nobility

Mercantilism

-Governmental policy in which the state regulates the economy

-Uses taxation, tariffs, subsidies, and laws

-Goal is to export more than you import to have a self sufficient state

-Louis XIV and Jean Colbert

War of Spanish Succession

-1701-1713

-Last of Louis XIV's wars

-Involved the issue of succession to the Spanish throne

-Resolved by the Peace of Utrecht which forbid the union of France and Spain

Peace of Utrecht

-Treaty that ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713

-Forbid the union of French and Spanish crowns

-conferred control of Gibraltar on England

Janissary Corps

-Elite infantry units in the Ottoman Empire - they were highly organized and efficient

-Sultan's army

The Great Northern War

-1700-1721 conflict between Russia and the Swedish empire

-War ended with the Treaty of Nystad and the defeat of Sweden

-Marks beginning of Russian dominance in the Baltic region and Europe

Constitutionalism

-Theory that power should be shared between rulers and their subjects

-State governs according to laws

-Could include constitutional monarchies like England or republics like the Dutch Republic

Leviathan

-Book written by Thomas Hobbes in 1651

-Written during the English Civil War (1642-1651)

-Argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign

Protectorate

-Period during the Commonwealth (Interregnum) when England was ruled by a Lord Protector

-Oliver Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector until his death

Glorious Revolution

-1688-1689 revolution which replaced James II with William and Mary on the throne of England

-Was a revolution with minimum bloodshed

-Ended the divine right monarchy idea in England

-Bill of Rights (1689)

Baroque Art

-Period of artistic style that used emotion, dramatic action, and spotlighting

-Sometimes referenced as Counter Reformation art as the Catholic Church used the style to communicate religious themes

-Bernini, Peter Paul Rubens, Caravaggio

-Composers include Handel, Bach, Vivaldi, and Monteverdi (opera)

Bill of Rights

-1689

-English document that limits the power of the crown and lays out the rights and sovereignty of Parliament

-Accepted by William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution

Test Act

-1673

-passed by Parliament to prohibit Catholics and dissenters from holding political office

Republicanism

-A form of government in which power rests in the hands of the people through elected representatives

-No monarch

Long Parliament

-1640-1660 in England under Charles I

-Enacted legislation that limited the power of the monarch

-Triennial Act of 1641, impeached Archbishop Laud

Rump Parliament

-1649-1660

-When Royalists supporters are dismissed from Parliament

-Put Charles I on trial for high treason, found him guilty, and executed him

Stuart Restoration

-Return of the Stuart Monarchy after period of Commonwealth and then military dictatorship under Cromwell

-Restored Charles II to the throne in 1660

Act of Settlement

-1701

-Resolved the succession crisis after William and Mary

-Starts the Hanoverian Dynasty

-Also disqualified any Roman Catholic or anyone married to a Roman Catholic to inherit the throne

Petition of Right

-1628

-Parliamentary document that restricted the king's power

-Stated that only Parliament could impose new taxes

James I

-1603-1625

-Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings

-King James Bible

Charles II

-1660-1685

-Stuart king during the Restoration following Cromwell

-Secret Treaty of Dover

-Test Act of 1673

James II

-1685-1688

-Last Stuart ruler who was forced to abdicate when Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary

William Laud

-Archbishop of Canterbury supported by Charles I

-Attempted to impose two new Catholic elements to church organization: new prayer book and bishoprics

-Was dismissed by Parliament in 1641

Louis XIII

-King of France from 1610-1643

-Son of Henry IV and Marie de Medici

-Relied heavily on his advisor Cardinal Richilieu

Pragmatic Sanction

-A diplomatic agreement that guaranteed Maria Theresa's succession to the Austrian throne after the death of her father, Charles VI

-1713

Time of Troubles

-1598-1613

-Period of unrest and famine in Russia after the death of the tsar

-Ended by the establishment of the Romanov dynasty

Roundheads

Members of Parliament led by Oliver Cromwell and the Puritains in the English Civil War

Cavaliers

Royalist supporters, led by Charles I in the English Civil War

Grand Alliance

-1701

-Military and diplomatic alliance between the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians against Louis XIV

Delegate

-To entrust a task or responsibility to someone else

-A person sent to represent others