ILA Quiz 4: H, I, J

Heritage language learning

Terms of a student’s upbringing and functional proficiency in the language: A student raised in a home where a non majority language is spoken is a heritage speaker of that language if she or he possesses some proficiency in it.

Heterogenous grouping

A group of students of varying strengths and needs put in the same learning group. Differences may include reading or writing levels, linguistic levels, cultural backgrounds, students with individualized education programs, gifted and talented.

Hidden curriculum

Curricula in the form of expectations and concepts that are not explicitly stated or intentionally taught that illustrate and promote the values, language, morals, and culture of the classroom, school building, or district and may not be content that is academic in nature. For example, the book a child chooses could be influenced by gender expectations that are not explicitly taught, but that are nonetheless reinforced in the curriculum.

High-frequency words

Words including of, like, he, she, I, the, but, good, and is that occur often in oral and written language.

Hip-hop literacies

An exploration of the rhetorical, language, and literacy practices of popular culture, with a focus on the language production of the Hip-Hop Generation (the generation who created hip-hop and all subsequent generations who picked it up, continued, and expanded it).

Home language(s)

The language that a person learned as a child at home (usually from his or her parents). Children growing up in bilingual homes can, according to this definition, have more than one mother tongue or native language.

Homogenous grouping

Placing students with similar assessed needs or skills in a group that generally meets for small periods of time for very focused, often direct instruction. It is unlike heterogenous grouping that places students with diverse skills or needs in a group. Guided reading groups are generally homogenous in nature, whereas collaborative groups are generally heterogeneous.

Homonym

A word with different origin and meaning but the same oral or written form as one or more other words, as bear (an animal) vs. bear (to support) vs. bare (exposed), or row (to propel a boat) vs. row (a line) vs. row (a brawl). (Note: In this sense, a homonym includes homophones and homographs. The different spellings or pronunciations of homonyms are due to differing origins of these words. In popular usage, homonym can also connote a word with the same pronunciation and spelling as another word but different in meaning, as bay (a body of water) vs. bay (a part of a window)).

Homophone

A word with different origin and meaning but the same pronunciation as another word, whether spelled alike, as hare and hare, or scale (of a fish) and scale (a ladder).

Illiteracy

Inability to read or write using the conventions of written language (phonics, encoding, decoding, comprehension, etc.)

Inclusion

In education, the placement of students of all abilities in the same classroom. The term inclusion captures, in one word, an all-embracing societal ideology that involves securing opportunities for students with disabilities to learn alongside their peers without disabilities, in general education classrooms.

Independent reading

Reading on one’’s own. Can occur inside school, when teachers provide schedules time for all students to read self-selected print or digital texts, or outside school, when students are self-motivated to read. The goal is not only to read but also enjoy reading; as such, independent reading is not tied to assessment, formative or otherwise. Teachers may offer suggestions about texts on the basis of students’ self-identified interests, confer with students about the texts they are reading, or engage students in peer discussion and shared booktalks.

Independent reading level

The level of texts at which a child is able to read successfully on his or her own with little or no assistance. Typically referred to as the type of reading a child is able to do with no teacher assistance or only a small amount of teacher assistance.

Inference

A conclusion reached or a claim made based on earlier evidence interpreted with logic or insight. Inferences can be overturned, modified, or accepted even more resolutely when additional evidence or different reasoning becomes available.

Inflection

An inflection involves the changing of pitch, tone, or loudness of words to communicate meaning in speech.

Informal reading inventory (IRI)

An informal reading inventory is an individually administered assessment designed to identify a student’s word knowledge and comprehension strengths and needs by having the student read graded passages aloud and silently.

Informational text

Texts used to teach or convey knowledge about a topic in math, science, and social studies.

Information literacy

Knowing when digital (e.g., web-based) and nondigital (e.g., paper-based text) information is needed and then locating, evaluating, and applying it.

Inquiry approach

Learning oriented around significant questions students ask and the exploration of sources of information that lead students to form conclusion.

Instructional-level texts

Instructional-level texts are thoughts to be too difficult for independent reading, and the use of texts easier or harder than the instructional level is discouraged because it is thought they would not support adequate learning progress.

Instructional reading level

Considered the level of text difficulty at which a reader benefits from instructional scaffolds that support the development of reading competencies such as comprehension, decoding, or fluency.

Integrated instruction

A curricular organization intended to bring into close relationship the concepts, skills. and values of separately taught subjects to make them mutually reinforcing, as for example, integrated language arts in which students study and use the language components of speaking, listening, reading, and writing as a unified core of concepts and activities.

Interactive writing

A writing process used to teach younger students how to write. The process involves the sharing of a pen between the teacher and students. It can also be done in a one-on-one private lesson with a student or with a small group of students.

Intertextuality

The relationship among texts, particularly literacy texts and a new form of digital intertextuality that uses memes to communicate meaning across texts. Occurs when one text’s meaning shapes another text’s meaning. Allusions, parodies, and memes are examples of intertextual references.

Invented spelling

Invented or inventive spelling involves using one’s phonetic knowledge to make one’s best written rendition of the word.

Jigsaw

An instructional strategy in which students study portions of a text or topic with a small group in order to build “expertise” and then meet separately with peers who have studied different portions to teach and learn from them, with the goal being that all students learn the entire body of material.

Journal

A journal can denote a number of uses: a typed or written record usually kept daily; a chronological relating of events; a periodical published by a learned society, association, institution, and so forth; a newspaper, especially a daily one; or a collection of student writing in response to reading. Student journals, widely used in language arts classrooms, provide data for authentic assessment.