Counseling the Culturally Diverse - Vocab Ch. 11, 12, 3, 7

Conformity

A characteristic of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model (RCID), distinguished by an unequivocal preference for dominant cultural values over their own

Dissonance

Under the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model (R/CID), people of color become more aware of inconsistencies between dominant‐held views and those of their own group resulting in a sense of dissonance

Encounter

The second stage of the Cross black identity development model where African Americans encounter situations which challenge their previous acceptance of White ways

Identity synthesis

The process of successfully integrating multiple identities such as ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender and so forth

Immersion-emersion

The third stage of the Cross black identity development model is characterized by a withdrawal from the dominant culture and immersion in African American culture

Integrative awareness

Under the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model (R/CID), people of color develop an inner sense of racial security and can own and appreciate unique aspects of their culture as well as those in US culture

Internalization

The fourth stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by resolution of conflicts between the old and new identities and a movement toward becoming more bicultural/multicultural

Internalization-commitment

The last stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by commitment to social change, social justice, and civil rights

Internalized racism

The term used to describe the process by which persons of color absorb and internalize the society's racist messages about their own group, and other groups of color

Introspection

Under the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model (R/CID), the introspection stage includes self‐reflection and rethinking of rigidly held racial beliefs and its relationship to whiteness

Nigrescence

Nigrescense is the process of becoming “Black” and formulating a Black identity

Preencounter

The first stage of the Cross black identity development model characterized by anti‐Black attitudes and a positive White orientation

Race salience

The degree to which race is an important and integral part of a person's approach to life

Racial awakening

An individual's understanding of themselves as racial/cultural beings and how it impacts their perception of the world and relationships with others

R/CID model

Resistance and immersion

Under the Racial/Cultural Identity Development model (R/CID), the primary orientation of these individuals is they tend to endorse minority‐held views completely and to reject the dominant values of society and culture

Antiracist White identity

The complementary identity to a nonracist one in that the person is likely to take direct action to eradicate its manifestation in individuals, institutions and society

Commitment to antiracist action phase

The complementary identity to a nonracist one in that the person is likely to take direct action to eradicate its manifestation in individuals, institutions and society

Conformity phase

The complementary identity to a nonracist one in that the person is likely to take direct action to eradicate its manifestation in individuals, institutions and society

Dissonance phase

In the Sue and Sue White identity development model, it refers to how Whites are forced to deal with inconsistencies in their racial attitudes and behaviors as they encounter information/experiences at odds with their racial denial and naiveté

Ego statuses

Reference to the different levels of ethnic identity development and the traits and defenses associated with them

Hardiman White racial identity development

The White racial identity development model formulated by Rita Hardiman

Helms White racial identity development

The White racial identity development model formulated by Janet Helms

Information processing strategies

These are strategies that White people use to avoid or assuage anxiety and discomfort around the issue of race

Integrative awareness phase

In the Sue and Sue White identity development model, this phase is marked by an understanding of self as a racial/cultural being, being aware of sociopolitical influences regarding racism, appreciating racial/cultural diversity, and becoming more committed toward eradicating oppression

Introspective phase

In the Sue and Sue White identity development model, the introspective phase is characterized by a state of relative quiescence, self‐reflection, introspection, and reformulation of what it means to be White

Naiveté phase

The Naiveté phase of the Sue and Sue White racial identity development is characterized by racial naiveté, and innocence

Nonracist White identity

An identity associated with the Whites recognizing their own racial biases, and an internal commitment to eradicating prejudice and commitment

Resistance and immersion phase

In the Sue and Sue White identity development model, the White person begins to question and challenge his or her own racism and begins to become aware of the existence or racism in society

Unintentional racism

Racism and unconscious bias that is invisible to those who perpetuate it

White privilege

The unearned advantages and privileges that accrue to people of light‐colored skin (usually White European descent)

White racial identity development

The process and accompanying stages or phases by which Whites achieve various racial identities

White racial identity development descriptive model

The White Racial Identity Model developed by Sue and Sue

White supremacy

A belief that individuals of White European descent are superior to people of color

Whiteness

A reference to the light skin tone of European Americans and the surrounding assumptions and norms associated with it used to judge all other groups

Broaching

The skill to address sociocultural issues such as race, gender, class, and sexual orientation within a therapy context

Communication styles

Characteristics of communication associated with race, gender and other group identities often manifested in verbal and nonverbal communication language

Cultural values

Values held in common by a cultural group which often help shape worldview and the perceptions of individuals of that culture

Historical stereotypes

Stereotypes which are fueled by the historical relationship between cultural groups

Interracial/interethnic bias

This is the bias that a person of one racial/ethnic group harbors for members of another racial/ethnic group which can be fueled by erroneous stereotypes or negative experiences with a member of the other racial/ethnic group and can cause cognitive dissonance or denial by the holder of the bias

Interracial/interethnic conflict

These are differences and conflicts between interracial/interethnic groups that are infrequently publicly aired because of possible political ramifications for group unity

Interracial/interethnic discrimination

This is discrimination that is extended to a racial/ethnic group or member by another racial/ethnic group or member

Interracial/interethnic group relations

This pertains to the historical and current relationships between racial/ethnic groups

Model minority myth

The “model minority” myth is the overgeneralization of the Asian American success story in the United States and depicting the group as the ideal racial/ethnic minority group

Multicultural counseling

A helping role and a process that uses modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of diverse clients

Racial/Ethnic identity

The identity one forms as a member of a racial or ethnic group

Socially marginalized groups

These are groups that are excluded from the dominant social order and are often linked to culture and social status

“Who's more oppressed?” game

When one uses his or her own group's oppression to negate, diminish, and invalidate that of another socially devalued group

Activity dimension

A reference to how different cultural groups lie in their action orientation from one of “doing” and influencing the world, to one of “being” or living in harmony with nature

Biculturalism

When an individual ascribes to and values two different cultures

Class-bound values

Socioeconomic values that permeate counseling and psychotherapy (middle and upper class) and may prove disadvantageous to clients from poverty or less affluent situations

Collectivism

The psychosocial unit of operation resides in the family, group, or collective society rather than the individual

Culture-bound values

Traditional western counseling and therapy are seen to possess the values of the dominant culture

Egalitarian roles

When roles are based on equality between genders

Emotional expressiveness

The value placed upon clients who are encouraged to express their feelings and to verbalize their emotional reactions

Extended families

Families that include others outside of the nuclear unit such as godparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or fictive kin

Family systems

This comprises the system that makes up the family and includes structural alliances and communication patterns

Individual-centered

A culture‐bound value in mental health practice in which the individual is the psychosocial unit of operation and independence and autonomy are the primary goals to treatment

Individualism

One of the primary values of U.S. culture and society and refers to valuing individualism

Insight

A generic characteristic of counseling that values the attainment of insight in mental health and treatment

Linguistic barriers

Language barriers often place culturally diverse clients at a disadvantage because counseling is usually provided in standard English

Minority standard time

A reference to how people from situations of poverty often perceive time, and the resultant effects it has on behavior

Nature of people dimension

A reference to how different culture groups view human nature (“good, neutral, or bad”)

Nuclear families

A reference to the family unit composed of only the husband, wife, and biological children

Patriarchal roles

A division of roles where males are given greater status, prestige and influence in the family and society

Relational dimension

A reference to cultural group relations and whether they are more collateral or individualistic in orientation

Scientific empiricism

Western value placed on empiricism which involves objective, rational, linear thinking as the means to define and solve problems

Self-disclosure

In counseling, the value and desire for clients to talk about the most intimate aspects of their life and to share it with the counselor

Social class

Refers to where one falls on the socioeconomic spectrum and are usually classified as upper, middle, and lower class

Time dimension

How different societies, cultures, and people view time can be divided into being past, present or future oriented

YAVIS syndrome

An acronym meant to indicate counselor preference for clients who are young, attractive, verbal, intelligent, and successful (YAVIS)