Chapter 1-2 BIO study Guide

What are the seven characteristics of a living thing?

1. Order- organelles, cells, tissues, organs/organ systems

2. Response to Stimuli- Response to things around them

3. Reproduction (DNA)

4. Adaptation (evelution)

5. Growth/Development

6. Homeostasis- balance to live

7. Metabolism- energy processing

What are the four parts of the Scientific Process?

1. Observe

2. Question

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

What is the difference between a Hypothesis and a testable prediction

Hypothesis is a falsifiable educated guess while the other is more of a known test

What are the two types of Hypotheses?

Experimental/alternative hypothesis: if I change the independent variable, the

dependent variable will change in response while nothing will change for a Null Hypothesis no matter the independent or dependent changing.

Independent Variable

Is what we are Changing to see what happens (Temp)

Dependent Variable

Is what Changes (plant growth because of temp)

Control

Before anything changes (natural habitat)

Basic Science vs Applied Science

Basic science seeks knowledge for the sake of knowledge

Applied science seeks to solve real-world problems

Communication of science through primary literature

1. Abstract summarizes research in ~1 paragraph

2. Introduction gives background and brief overview

3. Materials & methods tells what was done and what was used to do it

4. Results describes what was found and often includes graphs and tables

5. Discussion puts work into the context of other research in the field

6. Conclusion (if present) is a wrap-up

what illustrate evolutionary history

Phylogenies

Taxa are indicated at tips of branches

Nodes are branch points that represent common ancestors

What is the order?

1. organelles

2. Cells

3. Tissue

4. Organ System (Biggest and holds all above)

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________.

Hypothesis

The process of ________ helps to ensure that a scientist’s research is original, significant, logical, and thorough.

Peer review

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the ________.

Cell

Viruses are not considered living because they ________.

are not made of cells

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________.

eukaryotic cells

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area is called a(n) ________.

Population

Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently?

at the branch tips

Atomic number vs Atomic Mass

Atomic number is just protons and Mass is protons + neutrons

Ionic vs Covalent bonds

Ionic transfer electrons while covalent share electrons

Inductive vs Deductive reasoning

Inductive arrives at a general conclusion while deductive is more specific

Matter

Any substance that occupies space and has mass

Elements

For of matter that cannot break down into smaller substances

Atom

smallest unit of matter

Do Hydrogens have a nucleus

No

Polar bond

Are covalent bonds. Polar are formed from an atom having more electrons than the other causing the stronger on to pull the other atom with less electrons so the sharing it stronger towards that atom.

Ex: Hydrogen and Chlorine (Chlorine has more of an electron pull so it will pull hydrogen and hold on to the shared electrons)

Nonpolar bond

A covalent bond that shares electrons equally without a pull

ex: two hydrogens bond (they have the same number of electrons, so no one is pulling the other)

Cohesive vs Adhesive

Cohesive- same molecules stick together

Adhesive- different molecules stick together

Cations vs Anions

Carions and positive. Anions are negative (These are ion bonds like covalent has the poles and ionic has these)

Isotopes

When there is not the same number of neutrons and protons

Water has a high heat and vaporization capacity meaning

it takes a lot of energy to increase the temp of water; 1 calorie to increase 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Amount of energy required to turn 1 gram of liquid to gas

Solvent

good for dissolving

pH

measure of the concentration of H+ ions in solution

Acidic

low pH, lots of H+ ions

Basic

high pH, not many H+ ions

Neutral pH

7

How many molecules can Cabon bond with

4

Aliphatic vs Aromatic

Both carbon chains however Aliphatic is in a straight line while Aromatic is more of a ring shape (cylinder)

isomers have same chemical formula but different structures

Structural isomers differ in placement of covalent bonds

Geometric isomers have similar placements of covalent bonds but differ in how these bonds are made to other atoms

Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of one another

Triglycerides (Fat)

Saturated: No double bonds saturated with hydrogen (solid at room temp)

Unsaturated: One double bond between carbons

How many neutrons do carbon-12 and carbon-13 have, respectively?

Carbon (atomic number 6) has 6 protons no matter what. If carbon has the mass number of 12, it has 12 – 6 = 6 neutrons. Carbon-13 has 13 - 6 = 7 neutrons

What is the most abundant molecule in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Nitrogen

We call a molecule that binds up excess hydrogen ions in a solution a(n) ________.

base

Acids vs Bases

Acids donate hydroxide ions (OH–); bases donate hydrogen ions (H+).

Discuss how buffers help prevent drastic swings in pH

Buffers take up excess H+ or OH- ions, which keeps pH in a narrow range.

Why can some insects walk on water?

Water has cohesive and adhesive properties! Cohesion holds water molecules

together

What property of carbon makes it essential for organic life?

Carbon can bond with up to four different atoms at a time, making it very versatile and a great backbone for the major macromolecules.

Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated

triglycerides.

Saturated fats have each carbon atom bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen

atoms (2 or 3; 2 if they are internal carbons and 3 if they are at the end of a chain).

Unsaturated fats have at least one double bond between carbons. Unsaturated fats can be

in the cis configuration, which keeps them liquid at room temperature. Alternatively, they

can be in the trans configuration, in which case they can pack tightly at room temperature

and be in a solid state.

What are monomers

Linked to form a chain called polymers

How are polymers made and broken down?

Dehydration synthesis links (monomers) while Hydrolysis breaks down (polymers)

Dehydration synthesis

links monomers together; water is released in the process

Hydrolysis

breaks a polymer into monomers; a water molecule is absorbed in the process (OH- onto one monomer and H+ onto the other)

Types of macromolecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic acids, Proteins

Carbohydrates consist of

have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon: hydrogen: oxygen

Carbohydrates Function & importance

Lots of energy is stored in C-H bonds!

Roles in energy storage, digestion (fiber), structure

Monosaccharides

6-carbon sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) [examples are structured isomers]

Disaccharides

are made of two monosaccharides linked together

Polysaccharides

are long chains of monosaccharides (6 changed sugar)

Macromolecule Carbohydrates:

Starch (potatoes), glycogen (animals), cellulose (plant cell wall), chitin (insects exoskeletons, fungal cell walls)

Lipids consist of:

are nonpolar, hydrophobic hydrocarbons

Lipids function

energy, warmth, cell growth, protection of organs, nutrient absorption, hormone production

Types of Lipids

Triglycerides, Waxes, Phospholipids, Steroids

Triglycerides are

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

3 ester bonds formed to release

3 water molecules

Unsaturated fats

have one or more double bonds between carbons

Two types of unsaturated fats are

Cis (regarding placement of carbons around double bond)

unsaturated fats have a kink in the molecule → liquid at

room temperature

Trans unsaturated fats that don’t have a kink and are solid at room temperature

Saturated fats

have no double bonds between carbons (so they are saturated in hydrogens) and are liquid at room temperature

Waxes

confer water resistance

Phospholipids

2 polar fatty acid tails + polar phospholipid head

Double-layered membrane has polar heads facing outward, nonpolar heads facing inward

Phospholipids dropped in water will form micelles (sphere/ circle so heads are on outside)

Steroids

have a fused ring structure and include cholesterol, cortisol (a hormone), etc (clog Arteries)

LDL- need it but to much is bad

HDL- good cholesterol

Nucleic acids are made of

nucleotides linked by strong phosphodiester bonds

phosphodiester bonds

link the 3' carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5' carbon atom of another

Nucleotides are made of

sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + phosphate + nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine in DNA; thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA)

DNA vs RNA

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded

DNA Strands

Two strands are antiparallel (3’ end of one, which has free 3’-OH,

pairs with 5’ end of other, which has free 5’-phosphate)

ii. Bases from two strands hydrogen bond together

1. Three hydrogen bonds between G and C

2. Two hydrogen bonds between A and T

3. Thus, two strands are complementary

genome

All nuclear DNA (present in almost every cell)

haploid

reproduce asexually, and have circular genome (ex: bacteria)

diploid

genome is organized into pairs of linear chromosomes (one of each from biological mom, one of each from biological dad due to sexual reproduction) ex:humans have 23 chromosomes

Genes

transcribed to functional RNA, often translated to protein) are present in DNA

Types of functional RNA

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

mRNA

transcript that gets translated to protein

rRNA

helps make ribosome

tRNA

brings amino acids to ribosome for incorporation into protein

Genotype

combo of alleles for particular gene

Homozygous

2 of same allele

Heterozygous

2 different alleles

Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → protein

Asexual reproduction

generates genetically identical offspring

Sexual reproduction

generates genetically variable offspring

Genotype vs Phenotype

Gneotype are all the genes of an individual while phenotype is the physical characteristics

Proteins are made of

amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Each amino acid is specified by

a codon (nucleotide triplet) in gene

Functional groups

is what we call specific groupings of certain atoms within molecules that have their own characteristic properties.

Proteins are held together by

peptide bonds

Structure is critical to a protein’s function

Primary structure = order of amino acids in protein

Secondary structure = local folding

Tertiary structure = 3D

Quaternary structure (not always applicable) = interaction between subunits

Chaperones

help proteins fold correctly

Prions

are infectious misfolded proteins

Aldose vs Ketoses

For aldose, the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain; for ketoses, the carbonyl is in the carbon chain (not at the end). The double bond lines are at eh end of the carbon chain.

Which categories of amino acid would you expect to find on the surface of a soluble protein, and which would you expect to find in the interior? What distribution of amino acids would you expect to find in a protein embedded in a lipid bilayer?

A soluble protein would likely have hydrophilic (AKA polar) amino acids on its surface; hydrophobic amino acids could be found on the interior. In contrast, a protein embedded in a lipid bilayer should have hydrophobic (AKA nonpolar) amino acids on its exterior.

A mutation occurs, and cytosine is replaced with adenine. What impact do you think this will have on the DNA structure?

Adenine and guanine do not bond with one another, so the DNA helix may be “unzipped” where the cytosine → adenine mutation occurred. Fortunately, we have mechanisms for correcting these errors