9E: Treatment (Intro, Behavioral, & Cognitive Approaches)

deinstitutionalization

the release of individuals with mental disorders from hospitals for treatment within their home communities (This movement gained momentum with the development of better psychotropic drugs, allowing patients who were not considered a threat to themselves or others to be discharged.)

nonmaleficence

Psychologists must follow this ethical principle which emphasizes avoiding harm, and ensuring that practices do not cause unnecessary distress

fidelity

Psychologists must follow this ethical principle which emphasizes maintaining a trustworthy and professional relationship with the client.

respect for people’s rights and dignity

psychologists must follow this ethical principle which emphasizes the need to uphold individuals' autonomy, privacy, and confidentiality

integrity

Psychologists must follow this ethical principle which emphasizes honesty & accuracy in psychological work

confidentiality

Psychologists must follow this ethical principle which emphasizes

Psychotherapy

a treatment approach that involves talking with a trained therapist to address emotional, psychological, and behavioral issues

Applied behavior analysis

a behavioral therapy using principles of learning theory to increase positive behavior and decrease unwanted behavior. This is often used for children with autism.

Token economy

a behavior modification system where individuals earn tokens for engaging in desired behaviors, which they can then exchange for rewards or privileges. (A form of operant conditioning)

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

exposure therapy

a behavior therapy technique used to expose people to anxiety-provoking situations or stimuli

systematic desensitization

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. (It is a behavioral therapy that uses classical conditioning)

Fear hierarchies

a list of feared situations or objects ranked in order from least to most distressing that is used in both cognitive and behavioral therapy

aversion therapy

a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea, flicking of a rubberband, etc.) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol, biting nails, etc.)

cognitive restructuring

helps individuals identify and change their maladaptive thinking (negative thought patterns & beliefs) and then replace them with more balanced, realistic perspective

cognitive triad

a framework that suggests depressed individuals develop and maintain negative thoughts about three key areas: themselves, the world, and the future. 

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A type of cognitive-behavior therapy that focuses on developing skills to regulate emotions, improve interpersonal relationships, and reduce self-harm behaviors.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A type of cognitive-behavior therapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational beliefs and thought patterns that contribute to emotional distress.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

Therapy that focuses on identifying and changing negative or unhelpful thought patterns, behaviors, and emotional responses. It is based on the idea that our thoughts influence our feelings, which influence our behaviors.