Psychology Exam 7

Cross-sectional vs Longitudinal Study

Cross-sectional is many people at the same time

Longitudinal is the same people over a long time

What are things which can reach the embryo/fetus and cause harm? How long from fertilization does it take for this to happen?

Teratogens

Takes 10 days for this to happen

Zygote timeline (what happens while it’s a zygote)

Sperm goes to egg, egg recognizes and pulls it in.

After 12 hours they fuse into zygote

After 10 days it attaches to the wall of the uterus

Stages of development in the first few weeks of pregnancy (not physiologically, like what are the named stages)

0-2 weeks it’s a rapidly dividing zygote

2-9 weeks it’s an embryo
9+ weeks it’s a fetus

Fetus timeline

By 6 months the digestive system is operative and the fetus can respond to sound

By 7 months the fetus shows signs of habituation, they stop reacting to regular stimulus

Self concept throughout childhood,

15-18 months children recognize their own face, so have a self concept.

By 8-10 years a sense of self is stable. 

Stages of identity formation

Stages of identity formation:

1. Diffusion Stage: No commitment to a particular identity

2. Foreclose Stage: Premature commitment to an identity, with little exploration

3. Moratorium Stage: Start actively seeking meaningful identity

4. Achievement Stage: Committed sense of self is achieved.

What are the 5 reflexes we learned about?

Rooting Reflex: Turning head when cheek is touched

Sucking Reflex: Sucking when things put in mouth

Grasping Reflex: Also known as palmar reflex, it’s holding on to thing in hand

Moro Reflex: When startled, baby reaches limbs out

Babinski Reflex: Stroke foot leads to toes spreading (going towards the stroking motion)

Neurologically what happens during puberty?

Neural pruning, where if connections are not used they are lost.

Primary vs Secondary Sexual Characteristics

Primary sexual characteristics are those that allow for reproduction.

Secondary sexual characteristics are other structures which develop during puberty.

What is the primary hormonal fuel for sex drive in men?

What about women?

Other distinguishing factors?

Testosterone

The distinguishing factor is that testosterone is a precursor for arousal in women, while in men testosterone rises in response to arousal

What were the distinct stages of development we talked about and who made them?

Sensorimotor 0-2

Pre-operational 2-6/7

Concrete Operational 7-11

Formal Operational 12+

(Sissy Pussies Can’t Fight)

Made by Jean Piaget

What was the main criticism of Piaget?

Mostly that he saw development as distinct stages which experts now dispute. To a lesser extent that he underestimated children

When is the sensorimotor stage?

What happens in the sensorimotor stage of development (broadly, what is the baby doing?)

What are the milestones and months associated with those (2)

Baby uses their senses and motor activities to explore the world, creating their first schemas.

0-6 months the baby lacks object permanence

8 months they can exhibit memory for things no longer seen

When is the preoperational stage

What happens in the preoperational stage of development

Language, logic,

Specific traits shown/developed (4)

2-6/7

They can use language and symbols to represent the world.

They cannot understand the mental operations of concrete logic.

1. Lack conservation, the idea that properties can remain the same in different forms (ex: pouring water into diff glass)

2. Develop symbolic thinking (ex: have a model of a room, show location of toy, can they find it in the real room)

3. Exhibit egocentrism (ex: showing paper to themselves and thinking you see it)

   1. Preschoolers gradually develop theory of mind.

4. Exhibit animism (ex: believing their stuffed animal is alive)

When does symbolic thinking develop

Age 3.

Concrete Operational

Age range?

What is gained (2)

What limits are still there (1)

7-11

Now has mental operations for complex relationships (ex: math)

Gained conservation

This is only about concrete objects/evidence, they cannot think abstractly yet

Formal Operational Stage

Age range?

What is gained

12+

Can now think abstractly, without “concrete” correlates (as needed in the concrete operational stage)

Mental decline in late adulthood:

Recall vs Recognition

What happens near death?

Greater decline on recall tasks than recognition tasks.

Cognitive decline accelerates as they approach death, this is known as terminal decline.

Lev Vygotsky

Argued that a child’s mind grows as the result of the social-cultural environment rather than the physical environment.

(socially) the people around the child offer scaffold that helps the child develop their zone of proximal development

Zone of Proximal Development

What is it?

Who invented it?

It is the space between what the child is capable of on their own and what they’re is completely incapable of doing, as it is what the child is able to do with assistance.

Lev Vygotsky

Jonathan Haidt

Believed that morality is rooted in moral intuitionism, which is our gut feeling.

He believes that our “moral reasoning” is what we come up with due to our gut feeling.

He believed it was on the low road, meaning it was rooted in our unconscious.

What is maturation

The biological growth processes which enables orderly changes in behavior

Androgyny

Blending of traditionally masculine and feminine features

Konrad Lorenz

Established imprinting

Do babies want Nourishment or Comfort?

Who did these experiments?

Harry and Margaret Harlow did these experiments and found that monkeys formed attachment to the comfortable doll, not the nourishment one.

Mary Ainsworth

Did experiments on babies who all played with toys while mother was there, mother was then separated for 1 minute, and saw if the babies started playing again.

Developed attachment theory with this.

Erik Erikson

Believed that kids with secure attachment would approach life with a basic trust

Also made the idea of role confusion, where if adolescents don’t establish a self identity they experience role confusion.

Diana Baumrind

She’s the one who separated parents into the Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive, and Neglectful.

What is two word speech called?

Telegraphic speech