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Antecedent Boundary
Political border that was established before a significant population settled in the area, meaning the boundary existed prior to the development of a cultural landscape within the region
EX - 49th parallel between the U.S. and Canada
Boundary Administered
Process of enforcing and maintaining a political boundary by a government, including measures like border patrols, customs, checks, and physical barriers to control movement across the border
EX - Border between U.S. and Canada where physical boundary with customs agents and border agents ensure security
Boundary Definition
Treaty like, legal document in which actual points on the physical landscape are described
EX - Oregon Treaty (1846) separates U.S./Canada border
Boundary Delimited
Political boundary that has been drawn on a map, signifying the legal dividing between two countries or regions
Boundary Demarcated
Political border that is physically marked on the ground using visible features like fences, walls, signs, buoys, or other tangible markers
EX - Border wall between U.S. and Mexico
Consequent Boundary
Boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences
Boundary following the dividing lines between distinct ethnic, linguistic, or religious groups
EX - Border between India (Hindu) and Pakistan (Islam)
EX - Border between Haiti (France) and Dominican Republic (Spain)
EX - Border between Ireland (Catholic) and Northern Ireland (Protestant)
EX - Border on Cyprus (Green Line) between Greeks and Turks
Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
Geographically defined area where military activity is prohibited by treaty or agreement between nations
EX - Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
EX - Green Line - Cyprus
EX - Antarctica (Antarctic Treaty - 1959)
EX - Kuwait/Iraq (1990s)
Democratization
Process of a country transitioning from an authoritarian government (dictatorship) to a democratic government
EX - Arab Spring (North Africa and Middle East) in 2010
Devolution
Process where power is transferred from a central government to regional/local/subnational governments with a country - giving local areas more autonomy and decreasing central government control
Primary reasons include: physical geography, ethnic diversity, economic disparities, and strong regional identities
Economies of Scale
Reduction in the per unit cost of production as volume of production increases (as businesses produce more goods, the average cost to produce EACH unit decreases - leads to increased trade agreements and supranationalism
Ethnic Cleansing
Deliberate and forceful removal of a particular ethnic group from a territory, often through violence, intimidation, or forced migration, with a goal of creating a more ethnically homogeneous area
EX - Violence against Bosnian Muslims by Bosnia Serbs during Yugoslav Wars
EX - Rohingya (Muslim) by Myanmar government (Buddhist)
EX - Rwanda - Hutu attacked the Tutsi
EX - Armenians by the Turks (Turkey)
Ethnic Separatism
Political movement where a particular ethnic group within a larger state (country) seeks to break away (separate) and establish its own independent political entity - desire for self-determination and autonomy due to feelings of marginalization or cultural differences with the dominant group
EX - Czechoslovakia (Czech and Slovaks)
EX - United Kingdoms (England, Scotland, Wales)
EX - Canada (Quebec and Nunavut)
EX - Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Macedonia, Kosovo
EX - Sudan and South Sudan
Federal State
Political system where power is divided and shared between a central government and various regional or state governments, allowing for a balance of authority between the national and local levels within a country
Federal states have more locally based, dispersed power centers
EX - United States, Canada, Nigeria, Belgium
Geometric Boundary
Political border between countries or regions that is created using straight lines based on lines of latitude and longitude, essentially drawing the borders without considering physical features on the ground
EX - Norther Africa (Sahara Desert)
EX - 49th parallel (U.S./Canada)
Irredentism
Political movement where a nation seeks to reclaim territory that it considers historically or ethnically its own
EX - Russians annexation of Crimea in Ukraine
EX - Serbian nationalists promoting a “Greater Serbia”
EX - Nazi Germany’s claim on the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
Relic Boundary
Former political boundary that no longer functions as a border, but is still noticeable on the cultural landscape or has cultural meaning
EX - Berlin Wall (Germany)
EX - Great Wall of China (China)
Subsequent Boundary
Political border drawn after a territory has been settled by people, meaning it often reflects the existing cultural landscape and patterns of settlement in that area
EX - India/Pakistan border
EX - Most European boundaries
Superimposed Boundary
Political border drawn by an outside power that completely ignores the existing cultural, ethnic, or religious divisions within a region, often leading to conflict as it does not align with the local population’s identity
EX - Borders of many African nations drawn by European colonial powers (Berlin Conference)
Supernational Organization - African Union
Continental organization made up of all African nations, established to promote unity, cooperation, peace, and development across the continent, addressing issues like political stability, economic growth, and human rights through collaboration between member states
Supernational Organization - Arctic Council
Intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular on issues of sustainable development and environmental protection in the Arctic
Supernational Organization - Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Regional political and economic organization comprised of ten Southeast Asian countries, established to promote economic growth, social progress, and cultural development within the region, essential working together to foster cooperation and stability in Southeast Asia
EX - Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Brunei, and Myanmar
Supernational Organization - European Union
Political and economic union of 27 European countries that promotes cooperation, integration, and the free movement of people, goods, and services
Supernational Organization - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
An intergovernmental military alliance among 29 North American and European countries with the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members
Politically NATO promotes democratic values and enables members to consult and cooperate on defense and security-related issues to prevent conflict
Supernational Organization - United Nations
International body where member countries cooperate to address global issues like peace, security, economic development, and human rights, essentially working beyond the authority of individual nations to achieve collective goals
Supranationalism
Political concept where multiple nations voluntarily give up some of their sovereignty to cooperate on a larger scale through an organization, creating policies that transcend national boundaries and affect all member states, often with the goal of achieving mutual benefits like economic integration or security
Unitary State
Political system where the majority of governing power is concentrated in a central government, with little to no power delegated to local or regional units
EX - United Kingdom, France, China, Iran
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
International agreement that establishes legal guidelines for how countries can utilize and manage the world's oceans, defining boundaries like territorial waters, exclusive economic zones, and international waters, essentially creating a framework for managing maritime disputes and resource access across the globe
Territorial Sea - 12 nautical miles - state has sovereignty, but subject to certain rights of innocent passage for foreign vessels
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) - 200 nautical miles - state has exclusive rights to explore and exploit marine resources
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