Unit 7 Terms (PART 2)

Kemal, Mustafa

Led the Turkish National Movement and first president of Turkey

Keynesian Economics

The idea that intentional government action could improve the economy. To stimulate economic activity, the government should cut taxes and increase spending.

Keynes, John Maynard

A British Economist that came up with an economic system to help governments out of the Great Depression

Kolkhoz

A group of peasants who freely joined together to farm a certain portion of land.

Kristallnacht

"Night of the Broken Glass" Anti-Jewish riots that Hitler campaigned to rid Germany of Jews by burning and destroying their businesses

Kuomintang

The Chinese Nationalist Party led by Sun Yatsen, for full independence, industrialization and overthrow the warlords

League of Nations

Mentioned in Wilson's 14 Points as an organization in which all nations of the world would convene to discuss conflicts openly, a way to avoid the simmering tensions that had caused WWI.

Lebensraum

"Living Space". Land for settlement and development for the German people

Lenin, Vladimir

A Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He was the first and founding head of Soviet Russia and Soviet Union who was a Marxist.

Leningrad

Formerly known as St. Petersburg

Lost Generation

American expatriate writers living in Paris after the war. Eventually came to be used to describe those suffering from the shock of war

Loyalist

Or Republican in the Spanish Civil War that defended the newly elected Spanish Republic.

Luftwaffe

The German air force

Lusitania

An ocean liner carrying more than 100 U.S. citizens that was attacked by a German submarine

Machine guns

Fire more than 500 rounds of ammunition per minute

Mahatma

"the great one"

MAIN

Sources of the tension in Europe which were the cause of WWI (Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism)

Mandate system

An attempt to stop the cycle of war and fighting over conquered land by appropriating the land of the collapsed Ottoman Empire and the colonies of Germany

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle" Adolf Hitler's book about himself and his plans for the German empire

Militarism

Aggressive military preparedness. Celebrates war and the armed forces

Munich Agreement

Allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in return for a promise that Germany would not take over any more Czech territory

Mussolini, Benito

Italian dictator that coined the term fascism.

Nagasaki

Second atomic bomb was dropped on this Japanese town 3 days after the first one.

Nationalism

Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests.

Nationalist

Insurgents in the Spanish Civil war led by Francisco Franco.

Nazis

National Socialist German Worker's Party that came to power legally after the party did well in the 1932 parliamentary elections.

Neutral States

(WWI) Spain, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Albania

New Deal

Roosevelts and his backers new policies and programs for relief, recovery and reform of the United States economy

New Economic Plan

(NEP) An attempt to remedy Russians economic collapse Lenin instituted a temporary retreat from communist economic policies.

Nuremberg laws

Laws passed in Germany designed to disenfranchise and discriminate against the Jewish population

Pakistan

Part of the Two-State solution in India that would be a separate state that would be heavily Muslim in western and eastern parts of Asia

"Pals Battalions"

Battalions made up of men who already knew each other.

Pan-Arabism

An ideology that called for the unification of all lands in north Africa and the Middle East

Pandemic

A disease prevalent over a large area or the entire world. Killing 20 million people in Europe, United States and elsewhere.

Pearl Harbor

U.S. Naval Base on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean which experienced a surprise attack from Japan on Dec. 7, 1941. This attack woke the "sleeping giant"

Petroleos Mexicanos

(PEMEX) Mexican oil company that became the second largest state-owned company in the world.

Poison gas

Most insidious weapons of the new style of warfare. Chlorine, phosgene, and mustard gas.

Politburo

The Communist Party's central organization.

Popular Front

A coalition of left-wing parties, that the Spanish people elected to lead the government in 1936

Princip, Gavrilo

Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Propaganda

Communication meant to influence the attitudes and opinions of a community around a particular subject by spreading inaccurate or slated information.

Reconnaissance

Secret observations of enemy lines

Reparations

The making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged.

Rome-Berlin Axis

German military pact with Fascist Italy

Rommel, Erwin

German General that led his torps into Egypt and threatened to take the city of Alexandria. Also called the "Desert Fox"

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano

32nd president of the U.S. who used Keynesian Economics to help stimulate the economy in hopes of getting out of the Great Depression

Russian Civil War

1918-1921. Hundreds of thousands of Russians, Ukrainians, and others revolted against the Russian government's actions

Salt March

One of Gandhi's first campaigns where he led thousands of Indians to the Arabian Sea and simply picked up a few grains of salt

Satyagraha Movement

"devotion-to-truth", encouraged Indians to break unjust laws and serve jail time.

Scientific Racism

A pseudoscientific theory that claimed that certain races were genetically superior to others.

Secret Alliances

Groups whose members secretly agree to protect and help on another when attacked.

Siege of Leningrad

Soviets defended the city of Leningrad for 3 years and millions of Soviets died

Self-determination

The idea that peoples of the same ethnicity, language, culture, and political ideals should be united and should have the right to form an independent nation-state

Spanish Civil War

Struggle between the forces of democracy and forces of fascism that took place on Spanish soil in the early 1930s

Spanish Republic

Formed in 1931 after King Alfonso VIII abdicated his throne

Stalemate

A situation in which further action or progress by opposing or competing parties seems impossible.

Stalin, Joseph

Took over Soviet Union after the death of Lenin and renamed in USSR. Set himself up as dictator. Remained in power for almost 30 years.

Submarine

Wreaked havoc on the shipping lanes of the Atlantic Ocean

Tanks

Developed by the British to protect troops as they moved across vast areas of difficult terrain. Also called "landships"

Tariffs

Taxes on imports

Third Reich

Hitlers new German empire

Total War

Committing all a nations resources to the war effort.

Totalitarian state

A state in which the government controls all aspects of society.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty with Germany.

Trench warfare

Long ditches dug in the ground with excavated earth banked in front in order to defend against enemy fire.

Triple Alliance

WWI: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy

Triple Entente

Britain, France and Russian alliance all viewed Germany as a rival for different reasons

Turkish National Movement

A group that organized an army to fight for self-determination after the Ottoman empire collapsed

Turkification

An effort to make all citizens of the multiethnic empire identify with Turkish culture

Tutelage

Protection of or authority over someone or something; guardianship.

Tutsi

Minority group in Rwanda

U-boat

Submarine (Germany specifically)

V-E Day

Victory over Europe Day May 8, 1945

V-J Day

Victory over Japan. Japan surrendered unconditionally on Aug. 14, 1945

Villa, Francisco "Pancho"

During the Mexican Revolution he was in charge of Madero's troops and defeated the Mexicans

Weimar Republic

The German state from 1918-1933 when it functioned as a federal constitutional republic

Young Turks

A group of Ottoman reformers

Zapata, Emiliano

One of the Mexican revolutionaries that began to redistribute land to impoverished peasants after defeating Mexico

Zedong, Mao

Led the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), believed the communist revolt should be based on peasants.

Zimmermann Telegram

A telegram that was intercepted by the United States between Germany and Mexico, that was asking Mexico to help Germany with the war and in return Germany would give Mexico U.S. territory.

Zionist

Those who supported a Jewish homeland