common, intolerant, fast-growing pioneer on alluvial bottomlands where it attains large size (7 ft. dhb, 130 ft. height) so tolerant of poorly drained and droughty soils
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Quercus phellos
valuable timber tree for lumber and plywood, marketed as “red” oak (and in this subgenus)
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Quercus phellos
an outstanding shade tree for urban and rural landscapes because of form and texture, often the most abundant planted tree in some southern cities
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Quercus phellos
acorns important to wildlife
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Quercus nigra
common, intolerant, fast-growing pioneer on alluvial bottomlands and moist uplands
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Quercus nigra
also a “red” oak, wood used for lumber, plywood and fuel; widely planted as shade tree
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Liquidambar styraciflua
intolerant, fast-growing pioneer on poorly drained uplands and old fields, best growth in alluvial bottomlands
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Liquidambar styraciflua
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Liquidambar styraciflua
one of more important commercial hardwood species, especially for plywood and pulpwood for paper
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Liquidambar styraciflua
planted for mine land reclamation
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Liquidambar styraciflua
widely planted as urban and rural shade tree but fruit can be a nuisance
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Ilex opaca
very tolerant, slow-growing, subcanopy species of bottomlands and lower slope positions
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Ilex opaca
very salt (spray and runoff) tolerant
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Ilex opaca
wood is white, very hard, shock resistant – used for veneer, cabinetry, handles, carvings, and specialty uses
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Ilex opaca
largest of native Ilex species that include evergreen and deciduous shrubs, depending on region
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Ilex opaca
an exceptional evergreen ornamental where hardy, especially female varieties (need both sexes for fruit display); many varieties available
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Pinus echinata
moderately shade tolerant to intolerant tree on wide range of soils except littleleaf disease can be a problem on poorly drained sites; best growth on well-drained alluvial soils
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Pinus echinata
occurs from the Coastal Plain through Piedmont, into the southern and central Appalachians (the only pine in this group in the mountains, and abundant west of the Mississippi River)
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Pinus echinata
can sprout at the base when young and main stem is injured
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Pinus echinata
wood important for lumber, plywood, and pulpwood
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Pinus echinata
southern pine beetle can be devastating but has high resistance to fusiform rust which devastates many southern pines
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Pinus taeda
moderately shade tolerant, aggressive, fast-growing pioneer that dominates cutover and abandoned farmlands in region; prior to such disturbance was mostly found on alluvial bottomlands where it has a large stature
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Pinus taeda
extensively planted in plantations for wood products and for land restoration
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Pinus taeda
leading commercial timber species in the southern US, wood used for lumber, poles, and pulpwood for paper
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Pinus taeda
old-growth stands of this and other southern pines are critical habitat for federally-listed red-cockaded woodpecker
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Pinus taeda
fusiform rust and southern pine beetle can be very serious
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Pinus taeda
much genetic “improvement” research done on this species to improve its growth and wood quality
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Pinus elliottii
intolerant, very fast growing tree on the Coastal Plain of Deep South
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Pinus elliottii
prior to fire suppression in region, naturally restricted to wet depressions; now aggressively colonizes cutover and abandoned farm lands
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Pinus elliottii
fusiform rust most serious problem
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Pinus elliottii
one of two southern pines used for naval stores; wood used for pulp and timber
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Pinus elliottii
var. densa, South Florida slash pine, is not important commercially but is common in places like the Everglades (rocklands); exhibits a grass stage similar to longleaf pine
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Pinus palustris
intolerant (most of all southern pines), fast growing (once out of grass stage) tree on well-drained, acidic, often sandy soils with low organic matter, primarily on Coastal Plain
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Pinus palustris
also found on poorly drained soils on slopes and in depressions (although called “flatlands”)
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Pinus palustris
has long (5 to 10 years) grass stage during which there is little height growth
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Pinus palustris
a fire-climax, once the dominant in extensive wiregrass-longleaf pine savannas that have nearly all been eliminated from the region; prescribed burning an essential management tool
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Pinus palustris
one of two southern pines used for naval stores; timber regarded as exceptional, especially old growth
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Pinus palustris
pine-straw also valuable
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Pinus palustris
highly susceptible to brown spot needle blight
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Pinus palustris
state tree of Alabama
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Taxodium distichum
moderately tolerant, long lived (to 2700 years!) fast-growing, very large tree of bottomlands and permanently flooded areas (“deepwater swamps”)
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Taxodium distichum
can sprout at base and along the bole if main stem is damaged
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Taxodium distichum
under flooded conditions produces “knees” or pneumatophore (“breathing roots”) – their function is not believed to be physiological but they are often a striking feature surrounding the tree
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Taxodium distichum
very valuable timber species, wood is rot resistant
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Taxodium distichum
planted as an ornamental, including much further north of range, on wet to dry sites
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Taxodium distichum
nutria are serious pest where baldcypress is planted for reforestation
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Taxodium distichum
pondcypress is either T. d. var. imbricarium or Taxodium ascendens
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
intolerant to moderately tolerant species of freshwater swamps and bogs, usually on organic (peat) soils and in pure stands
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
usually within a few hundred miles of eastern seaboard although intolerant to salinity
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
can reproduce by stem layering
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
wood highly rot resistant, valuable for posts and log cabins; logs historically “mined” from swamps
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Chamaecyparis thyoides
planted as ornamental, including its few varieties, but deer devastate
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Pinus flexis
intolerant, long-lived pioneer of exposed sites near timberline, and other dry sites downslope
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Pinus flexis
replaced downslope (in subalpine zone) by subalpine fir and Engelmann spruce
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Pinus flexis
important primarily for watershed protection and source of food for small animals (e.g, Clark’s nutcracker – can carry about 125 seeds to 14+ miles away)
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Pinus flexis
nice ornamental in eastern US where it grows much larger and more upright
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Pinus ponderosa
intolerant, fast-growing, long lived, drought tolerant tree of lower montane and upper foothill zones where it often occurs in savanna-like stands; has deep taproot
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Pinus ponderosa
one of largest Pinus species in world, biggest in California and Oregon forests (will revisit)
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Pinus ponderosa
most widely distributed Pinus species in North American, at relatively low elevations in western mountain ranges
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Pinus ponderosa
most economically important Pinus species in U.S., furnishing more lumber of any other pine species
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Pinus ponderosa
due to fire suppression over its range, many stands have become stagnant and are now potentially catastrophic fire hazards
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Pinus ponderosa
at least three varieties recognized, i.e., var. scopulorum (Rocky Mountain pp), var. ponderosa (typical variety, of Oregon, California, and adjacent areas), and var. arizonica (Arizona pine)
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Pinus ponderosa
mountain pine beetle especially serious problem
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Pinus ponderosa
State tree of Montana
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Pinus contorta
intolerant, fast-growing, aggressive pioneer following fire in the montane and subalpine zones
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Pinus contorta
occurs over greatest range of ecological conditions of any conifer in North America
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Pinus contorta
very dense stands that form following fire subject to overcrowding and stagnation
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Pinus contorta
a fire climax, cones persistent and (usually) serotinous
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Pinus contorta
four geographical varieties recognized, including var. latifolia, the Rocky Mountain lodgepole (will revisit others in appropriate regions)
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Pinus contorta
bark beetles (especially mountain pine beetle) are very serious pests, and in dense stands create a significant fire threat; dwarf mistletoe and Comandra blister ruts also a serious threat
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Pinus contorta
common name refers to use for tipi structures made by Plains Indians
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Pinus contorta
provincial tree of Alberta
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Picea engelmannii
named after George Engelmann (hence the spelling), a noted German-American physician and botanist of 19th century
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Picea engelmannii
shade tolerant (but less so than its common associate, subalpine fir), long-lived climax of subalpine zone with subalpine fir, becoming prostrate near timberline where it is maintained by stem layering
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Picea engelmannii
important for watershed protection
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Picea engelmannii
abundant, often in pure stands throughout the Rockies at higher elevations, really the “blue spruce” of the Rockies
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Picea engelmannii
Engelmann spruce bark beetle can be very damaging
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Picea engelmannii
beautiful conifer for northeastern landscape but rarely planted outside of botanical gardens and arboreta
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Picea engelmannii
hybridizes with white spruce where their ranges overlap (Canadian Rockies)
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Picea pungens
moderately shade tolerant tree found primarily on lower slopes and not far from streams in the montane zone, typically on site that are not as dry as those dominated by ponderosa pine
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Picea pungens
geographical range restricted to region around Colorado, not nearly as abundant as Engelmann spruce in the Rockies
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Picea pungens
in natural stands often green and developing an open crown, not silvery blue and dense like the varieties (grafted) planted in the eastern US
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Picea pungens
not commercially important for timber but important for protection of riparian (streamside) habitats
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Picea pungens
well adapted to eastern US climate so an important landscape tree, especially the silvery-blue varieties
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Abies lasiocarpa
very tolerant, slow-growing climax of the subalpine zone, usually with Engelmann spruce, often on soils that are too wet or too dry for this spruce; ecologically similar to balsam fir but much bigger and longer lived
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Abies lasiocarpa
maintained by stem layering at timberline
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Abies lasiocarpa
little commercial value; important for watershed protection
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Abies lasiocarpa
the exclamation mark of the subalpine zone (referring to its tight, spire-like form)
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Abies lasiocarpa
corkbark fir, of southern Rockies, is A. l. var. arizonica
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Abies concolor
tolerant, long-lived, drought tolerant, large tree of montane zone, often with ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir, eventually replacing these species if fire is absent in these stands
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Abies concolor
like most firs, fire sensitive
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Abies concolor
much bigger in the Sierras (will revisit), but smaller than associated giant sequoias
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Abies concolor
can be seriously damaged by mistletoes and fir engraver beetle
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Abies concolor
wood used for construction lumber plywood; occasionally planted for Christmas trees
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Abies concolor
most heat and drought tolerant Abies for planting in eastern US
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
moderately tolerant, fast-growing, long-lived tree on moist but well-drained sites
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
subclimax in montane to mid subalpine zones in Rockies; can form pure stands following disturbance
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
two varieties, i.e., glauca of the Rockies and menziesii of PNW and California; glauca more modest size compared to menziesii
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Pseudotsuga menziesii
harvest of menziesii in PNW makes this species the single most important lumber producing species in U.S.; old-growth here is subject of much debate among natural resource managers
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Pseudotsuga manziesii
glauca commonly planted variety in eastern US for landscaping and Christmas trees