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What was the Columbian Exchange and its affects on the world?
-global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens
-altered world’s human geography and natural environment (allowed for invasive species and animals, and tobacco use)
-spread diseases (smallpox) causing mortality among indigenous people; caused worst demographic calamity of all history
-also increased population through food crops and animals, allowing trade to grow
Challanges to the Ptolemaic view of the universe
nine spheres of universe in which the earth was motionless, Christians viewed heaven as last sphere, but Copernicus challenged this belief due to its inconsistency to other planet movement
Adam Smith and his thoughts of economics:
Scottish economist, philosopher, and author who believed in capitalist society
-published An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of Wealth of Nations; talks about want for unregulated markets and capitalist enterprises
-believed society as a whole benefitted from individual economic interests and trade on a free market and no government interference
What was the Protestant Reformation?
European movement where Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from Catholic church and justification by faith alone became a core of this movement
Who was Martin Luther and what did he do?
-German Monk and Catholic priest involved in Protestant Reformation by challenging the church’s corruption and their abuse/ backed by German princes
-95 Theses posted on Church doors
-called for thorough reform of Christendom; closure of monasteries, translation of Bible into regional languages, and end priest/pope authority
-believed humans could only be saved through God’s promises, and not others prayers
-believed Bible was only source of Christian religious authority
What are some of the things the churches were engaging in?
living luxuriously and having mistresses
Peace of Westphalia and the wars that followed:
-ended 30 years war
-established religious tolerance
-laid foundations for system of independent, competing states who could act in their own interests
-allowed for military technology innovations
-All European states regarded each other as sovereign and equal
-both Louis XIV and 7 years war followed
What was the Louis XIV war?
king louis wanted to expand borders east into Germany and absorb Spain and Spanish Netherlands, so US and Austria mounted coalition against Louis
What did the seven years war do?
put France and Austria against Britain and Prussia causing issues of imperial superiority
What was the Atlantic Triangle Trade?
-millions of slaves sent to Americas to work on European owned plantations
-slave traders would trade slaves for firearms to strengthen military forces for capturing more slaves
Swahili city-states
-founded on East Coast of Africa
-Chinese have been there
-adopted Islam
-economy fell hard when Songhay empire displaced in West Africa
-Portuguese( De Gama) there first, forced Kilwa to pay tribute and trained cannons on the ports
-went into decline because Portuguese failed mission of controlling trade through administrative centers
-merchants sought gold, ivory, and slaves
Queen Nzinga
-African leader of Ndongo
- led spiritual resistance against Portuguese forces, and came from lineage of warrior kings
-dressed as male warrior in battle and demanded to be called king for
-traveled with groups of concubines
-allied Dutch mariners who traded on African Coast
-wanted to expel Dutch, drive Portuguese out the land, and centralize African empire by embracing entire lower Congo basin
-not successful in beating Portuguese, and her death made it easier for them to tighten control over region they called Angola(first European colony in sub-Saharan Africa)
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African Forms of Slavery and concept of private property
-debt slavery, war captives, criminals
-did not recognize private property but rather ownership of land in communities
-wealth and power came from control over human labor and making land productive rather than possession of land
-slaves were form of private investment; heritable property and way to measure wealth
Merchant social status during Tokugawa Japan:
listed as lowest social class below artisans
Demanding bureaucratic exam process in Ming and Qing dynasties
-3 days of testing and 3 types; district, provincial, and metropolitan
-candidates brought water pitchers, chamber pot, bedding, food, inkstone and brushes; very rigorous
-only 300 kids were allowed to pass metropolitan
-often times people would have to take the exam multiple times before getting the degree
Patriarchy/foot binding
-originated likely in Song dynasty
-small, dainty feet were seen as erotic and attractive
-families would bound feet of girls with strips of linen to make their feet smaller; but adult women could not do this
-popularized as it supported women who couldn’t do physical labor
-commoners also bounded feet of girls to attract marriage prospects and increase social standing
-Emperor, Noble, Bureaucracy, Working class, peasants, slaves
What was the concept of marriage during the Ming and Qing dynasties?
contractual affair to continue male decent, bride performs ritual acts on wedding at husband’s house to demonstrate subservience
-women could not divorce but men could for infertility, adultery, theft, disobedience, and talkativeness
Treatment of Ottomans and Mughal Religions and differences
-Ottomans fought against non Muslims
-Mughals had Akbar who war tolerant for other religions
Boundaries of Ottoman Empire:
Safavid and Europe
Akbar and religious tolerance
-tolerant of non-Muslim religions\
-interested in Philosophy
-encouraged syncretic religion “divine faith” that focused attention on emperor as ruler common to all religious, ethnic, and social groups of India
Battle of Chaldrian:
-battle between Ottoman Sunnis and Safavid Shiites
-Sunnis deployed heavy artillery and had strong advantage
-Ismail attacked Ottoman line but failed, which gave Ottomans occupation of capital at Tabriz
Premises of documentary
argues that geography, domesticated animals, and disease influenced fate of socities
Bartolome de Las Casas
Spanish Historian and priest who advocated and defended the Natives
Olaudah Equino
-native of Benin in West Africa
-seized by slave raiders at 10 years old
-spent 29 years in slavery
-purchased freedom and worked against slave trade
-published autobiography in 1789 about horrors of middle passage
Triangular Trade:
3 legs
horses, cloth, metalware, and firearms exchanged in sub-Saharan Africa
took slaves to Carribean and American locations and sold them to plantation owners for 2-3x their price
filled their vessel hulls with American products and headed back to Europe
-many victims were captured from homes, fields, and villages
Portuguese Exploration, Reconquista, and fortified trading posts
-Portuguese explorers: Bartolomeu Dias, Vasco de Gama, Christopher Columbus, and Magellan
-Reconquista: Spainards efforts to take back all of Spain under Catholic rule, last stronghold Grenada (1492)
-fortified Posts: important for Portuguese trade, promoted by Prince Henry, allowed for trade with African/Asian nations and to scare off others from their trade
Spanish, Aztecs, Incas, and Taino
-Spanish had colonies in Mexico, Peru, and Carribean due to maritime expeditions
-Aztecs: conquered by Cortes in 1519, spread of smallpox subdued population and made it easy for Cortes to take over (Montezuma was Aztec leader)
-Incas: conquered by Pizarro in 1352 and superior weaponry and murder of leader gave Spanish power over them
-Taino: conquered by Columbus in 1492, lack of spices and silk forced natives into mining for gold
Portuguese sugarcane, and trade dominence
-Portuguese made their mark in South America specifically Brazil
-Trade dominance due to fortified trading posts which led for trading with Africa
-lands like Madeiras and Azores became sugarcane plantations
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