AP Bio Unit 1 Biomolecule Modeling Activity

3 examples of food with lots of carbohydrates

Bread, oats, potatoes

What type of organism generally produces large amount of carbohydrates?

Plants and bacteria

Denaturing

Process in proteins in which a protein loses its native shape due to disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive. Could be caused by extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, or temperature

N-terminus and C-terminus of amino acid

N-terminus is the amino end of the molecule (amine group)

C-terminus is the carboxyl end of the molecule

Monosaccaride; disaccharide; and polysaccharide examples

Glucose, fructose; sucrose, lactose; starch, glycogen

How are proteins unique?

Different sequences of amino acid in the proteins primary structure, resulting in different interactions between the backbone and between the side chains of the secondary and tertiary structures

Elements in nucleic acids

Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphate

Elements in monosaccharides

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in a monosaccharide (glucose)

2:1

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are isomers meaning…

They are identical in composition but differ in structure

Disaccharide/double sugars

When 2 monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkages (covalent bonds), a disaccharide is formed

Chemical formula: C12H22O11

Hydrolysis reaction to break apart, dehydration to put together

Calorie

Amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C

Elements in lipids

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous in phospholipids

Elements in proteins

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Phospholipids vs triglycerides

Phospholipids have 2 fatty acid tails, not 3, and have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails

4 functions of lipids

1. Storage of energy, especially for mammals

2. Crucial in formation of cell members (phospholipids)

3. Assist in synthesis of hormones

4. Signal transmission

8 functions of proteins

1. Selective acceleration of chemical reactions with enzymatic proteins

2. Protection against disease-antibodies

3. Storage of amino acids

4. Transport of substances

5. Coordination of an organism’s activities

6. Response of cell to chemical stimuli

7. Movement (undulation of cilia, contraction of muscles, etc)

8. Support (structural proteins)

3 components in monomers of nucleic acids

Nucleotides-1. 1-3 phosphate groups

2. 5 carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

3. Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, T, or U)