AP BIO UNIT 3 Review slides flashcards

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What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example. 

• Builds molecules using energy

• Synthesis of proteins from amino acids

• Photosynthesis

What is an catabolic reaction? Give an example.

• Breaking down molecules, releasing energy

• Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose

What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example.

• A reaction that requires an input of energy

• Making ATP from ADP + P

• Photosynthesis 

What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example.

• A reaction that releases energy

• Cellular Respiration

• Breaking down ATP into ADP + P

What is energy coupling?

• Using energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions

What is ATP?

• Energy

• Adenosine Tri Phosphate

• Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond between the last P

What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme phosphorylates?

• Adding a P to a molecule

• Kinase

What is an enzyme? What does it do?

• A protein

• A catalyst

• Decrease activation energy

• Makes a reaction go faster

What is a substrate?

• Something an enzyme works on

What is an active site?

• Where an enzyme and substrate bind

• Where the reaction occurs

What is denaturation?

• Changing the shape of an enzyme which changes its function

What are activators? Define, list, and describe

• Non-proteins enzyme helpers

• Coenzymes are organic: vitamins

• Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc, iron, copper

What is inhibition? Define, list, describe

• Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity

• Competitive: binds to the active site

• Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and changes the shape

What is oxidation?

• Loss of an electron

What is reduction?

• Gain of electrons

What’s the equation for cell resp? 

• 6O2 + C6H12O6 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Where does the oxygen go after cell resp?

• Into water

Why is oxygen needed in cell resp?

• To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS

What happens to the carbon from glucose after cell resp?

• Goes to CO2 and is breathed out

Where does glycolysis occur?

• cytoplasm

What happens in glycolysis?

• Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

• 2 NADH are made

• 2 ATP are made

Where does Kreb’s occur?

• Mitochondrial matrix

What are NADs and FADs?

• Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC

Where does the ETC occur?

• In the cristae

What happens to the electrons in the ETC?

• Travel down proteins in the membrane

• Finally accepted by oxygen

What happens to the hydrogen ions in the ETC?

• Build up on one side of the membrane

• Go down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase

• Provide energy to make ATP

During which reactions is carbon dioxide released?

• Kreb’s

What is the main way ATP is made during cell resp?

• By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down their concentration gradients through ATP Synthase to make ATP

If 1 mL of oxygen is consumed by peas in 20 minutes, what is the respiration rate

• 1 mL / 20 minutes

• 0.05 mL/min

What is activation energy?

• The energy that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

What are stomata?

• Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in and oxgyen out

Where do light dependent reactions occur?

• In thylakoid membranes

What goes into light reactions? What comes out?

• In: water

• Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

• Stroma

• Fluid in the chloroplast

What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out?

• In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH

• Out: G3P, ADP, NADP

What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic?

• 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Anabolic

• Endergonic

What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out?

• In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH

• Out: G3P, ADP, NADP

What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic?

• 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2

• Anabolic

• Endergonic

What is rubisco, what does it do?

• Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle

What are C3 plants? Name some.

• Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis

• Rice, wheat

What are C4 plants? Name some.

• Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle takes place

• Corn, sugarcane

What are CAM plants? List some.

• Plants that only open stomata at night and do the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up CO2

• Cactus, jade, pineapples

Do plants have mitochondria? 

• Yes, and they make ATP

Which types of plants do carbon fixation the best?

• C3

• C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways of doing photosynthesis

In the beginning of time, how did single celled prokaryotes get ATP?

• Glycolysis only

If stomata close, what happens to the plant?

• They can’t get CO2

Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts?

• No

• But they can still do photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids

What happens if ATP goes through hydrolysis?

• Energy is released and can be used in reactions

• ADP is made

During what process is oxygen released?

• Light reactions of photosynthesis

Where is carbon dioxide used?

• Calvin (dark) Rxn

When does chemiosmosis occur?

• In the ETC of cell resp...and...

• In the ETC of photosynthesis

When is glucose oxidized to pyruvic acid?

• glycolysis

What are the end products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?

• Oxygen

• ATP

• NADPH

Which enzyme fixes carbon?

• Rubisco

• RuBP carboxylase

Where does all energy come from?

• The sun

How is water used in photosynthesis?

• It’s split so the electrons can travel through the photosystems and connect with NADP+

Where do the electrons go in photosynthesis?

• Water 🡪

• NADPH 🡪

• Calvin Cycle

What happens in the transition step between glycolysis and Kreb’s?

• Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl CoA

• Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb’s

• 2 NADH are made

What are the end products of the ETC?

• 34 ATP

• Water

If a reaction requires energy, what kind is it?

• Endergonic

What effect does temperature have on pea respiration?

• Peas respire faster at room temperature than at cold temperatures

What are 3 environmental factors that affect enzyme activity?

• Temperature

• pH

• Salinity

Where do the electrons go during cell respiration?

• Food 🡪

• NADH 🡪

• ETC 🡪

• Oxygen