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What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example.
Builds molecules using energy
Synthesis of proteins from amino acids
Photosynthesis
What is an catabolic reaction? Give an example.
Breaking down molecules, releasing energy
Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose
What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example.
A reaction that requires an input of energy
Making ATP from ADP + P
Photosynthesis
What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example.
A reaction that releases energy
Cellular Respiration
Breaking down ATP into ADP + P
What is energy coupling?
Using energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions
What is ATP?
Energy
Adenosine Tri Phosphate
Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond between the last P
What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme phosphorylates?
Adding a P to a molecule
Kinase
What is an enzyme? What does it do?
A protein
A catalyst
Decrease activation energy
Makes a reaction go faster
What is a substrate?
Something an enzyme works on
What is an active site?
Where an enzyme and substrate bind
Where the reaction occurs
What is denaturation?
Changing the shape of an enzyme which changes its function
What are activators? Define, list, and describe
Non-proteins enzyme helpers
Coenzymes are organic: vitamins
Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc, iron, copper
What is inhibition? Define, list, describe
Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity
Competitive: binds to the active site
Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and changes the shape
What is oxidation?
Loss of an electron
What is reduction?
Gain of electrons
What’s the equation for cell resp?
6O2 + C6H12O6 🡪 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Where does the oxygen go after cell resp?
Into water
Why is oxygen needed in cell resp?
To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS
What happens to the carbon from glucose after cell resp?
Goes to CO2 and is breathed out
Where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
What happens in glycolysis?
Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
2 NADH are made
2 ATP are made
Where does Kreb’s occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
What are NADs and FADs?
Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC
Where does the ETC occur?
In the cristae
What happens to the electrons in the ETC?
Travel down proteins in the membrane
Finally accepted by oxygen
What happens to the hydrogen ions in the ETC?
Build up on one side of the membrane
Go down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase
Provide energy to make ATP
During which reactions is carbon dioxide released?
Kreb’s
What is the main way ATP is made during cell resp?
By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down their concentration gradients through ATP Synthase to make ATP
If 1 mL of oxygen is consumed by peas in 20 minutes, what is the respiration rate
1 mL / 20 minutes
0.05 mL/min
What is activation energy?
The energy that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed
What are stomata?
Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in and oxgyen out
Where do light dependent reactions occur?
In thylakoid membranes
What goes into light reactions? What comes out?
In: water
Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
Stroma
Fluid in the chloroplast
What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out?
In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Out: G3P, ADP, NADP
What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic?
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Anabolic
Endergonic
What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out?
In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH
Out: G3P, ADP, NADP
What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic?
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy 🡪 C6H12O6 + 6O2
Anabolic
Endergonic
What is rubisco, what does it do?
Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
What are C3 plants? Name some.
Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis
Rice, wheat
What are C4 plants? Name some.
Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle takes place
Corn, sugarcane
What are CAM plants? List some.
Plants that only open stomata at night and do the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up CO2
Cactus, jade, pineapples
Do plants have mitochondria?
Yes, and they make ATP
Which types of plants do carbon fixation the best?
C3
C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways of doing photosynthesis
In the beginning of time, how did single celled prokaryotes get ATP?
Glycolysis only
If stomata close, what happens to the plant?
They can’t get CO2
Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts?
No
But they can still do photosynthesis because they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids
What happens if ATP goes through hydrolysis?
Energy is released and can be used in reactions
ADP is made
During what process is oxygen released?
Light reactions of photosynthesis
Where is carbon dioxide used?
Calvin (dark) Rxn
When does chemiosmosis occur?
In the ETC of cell resp...and...
In the ETC of photosynthesis
When is glucose oxidized to pyruvic acid?
glycolysis
What are the end products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Which enzyme fixes carbon?
Rubisco
RuBP carboxylase
Where does all energy come from?
The sun
How is water used in photosynthesis?
It’s split so the electrons can travel through the photosystems and connect with NADP+
Where do the electrons go in photosynthesis?
Water 🡪
NADPH 🡪
Calvin Cycle
What happens in the transition step between glycolysis and Kreb’s?
Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb’s
2 NADH are made
What are the end products of the ETC?
34 ATP
Water
If a reaction requires energy, what kind is it?
Endergonic
What effect does temperature have on pea respiration?
Peas respire faster at room temperature than at cold temperatures
What are 3 environmental factors that affect enzyme activity?
Temperature
pH
Salinity
Where do the electrons go during cell respiration?
Food 🡪
NADH 🡪
ETC 🡪
Oxygen
Note 
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