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line manager
direct authority in the scalar chain of command
staff mananger
expert - has authority to advise another
functional manager
authority to direct or control relevant activities in line departments
interpersonal
representing, leader, connect, motivating..
desicional
entrepreneur, respond to pressures, resource allocator, problem-solver
4Ps marketing mix
place - price - product - promotion
HR effectiveness - 4Cs
commitment - competence - congruence - cost effectiveness
iceberg
self-actualisation
improve max personal potential
esteem needs
independence, recognition, respect from others
social needs
relationships, affection, belonging
safety needs
security, order, freedom from thread
physiological needs
food, shelter
forming
come 2gether, find out about each other and aims/ norms the group
storming
begins to define its goals, procedures, roles, and leadership, often through open or hidden conflicts
norming
becoming more organized, with clear roles and ways of working together, and starts deciding
performing
fully focused on delivering results and completing their goals
leader
oversees team activities, ensuring everyone is working together effectively
shaper
pushes for action
plant
generates innovative ideas and solutions, often thinking outside
evaluator
assesses ideas critically, identifying potential problems or weaknesses
resource-investigator
finds external contacts and resources
company worker
translates ideas into practical tasks and plans; ensures the ideas are executed effectively
team-worker
supports team members, and reduces conflicts
finisher
ensures that tasks are completed on time, attends to detail
specialist
provides specific expertise and technical knowledge
exploitative - authoritative
leaders impose (ap dat), motivate by threats, minimal communication, no teamwork
benevolent - authoritative
leader control but trust more, reduced threats, some communication, limited teamwork
consultative
leaders seek input, motivate by rewards, open communication, encourages teamwork
participative
leaders and subordinates decide 2gether, mutual trust, frequent communication, full teamwork
simple entrepreneurial - phổ biến ở các doanh nghiệp nhỏ, mới thành lập, nơi mà quyết định được đưa ra trực tiếp bởi chủ
simple - dynamic
small - young - simple tasks
strategic apex
direct supervision
machine bureaucracy/ functional -tổ chức lớn, đã thành lập với các công việc thường xuyên, chuẩn hóa
simple - static
large - old - regulated
technostructure
standardisation of work
professional bureaucracy - dịch vụ chuyên nghiệp, như bệnh viện hoặc công ty luật
complex - static
professional - simple systems
operating core
standardisation of skills
divisional structure - tổ chức lớn với sản phẩm hoặc thị trường đa dạng (như tập đoàn)
simple - static - diverse
very large - old - divisible tasks
middle line
standardisation of outputs
advocacy/ innovative matrix - các ngành dựa trên dự án hoặc sáng tạo (như công nghệ mới hoặc các phòng nghiên cứu)
complex - dynamic
young - complex tasks
operating core
mutual adjustment
divisional structure
phân chia theo sản phẩm hoặc khu vực địa lý
functional structure
dược tổ chức theo hoạt động hoặc chức năng, như marketing, tài chính, nhân sự
matrix structure
functional + divisional structures
centralisation - tập trung ở 1 vị trí or cấp bậc nhất định
easier control + hợp tác
lower overhead cost
quickly desicion
decentralization
reduce burden on senior manager
faster desicion making
flexible
tall structure
narrow control span
clear career path
specialization
high overhead cost
slow desicion making
distance from customer
flat structure
reduce cost
increase delegation
close to customer
less oversight
stress becuz to much jobs
too wide
lack of time to plan
too narrow
lack of delegation
bureaucracy
stability, predictability, efficiency, and technical competence
sole trader
no separation between owner & business
sole trader is personally liable for all business debts
capital - owner’s funds, retained earnings, loans, and short-term credit
loans can have fixed charges but not floating ones
can withdraw funds as needed
ends when the owner passes away
no publicity requirements
partnership
each partner is liable for all debts
no publicity requirements
limited company
legally distinct from its owners
liability is limited to the unpaid amount on their shares
separation of ownership (members) and control (directors)
perpetual succession
give both floating and fixed charges as loan security
joint venture
collaboration + create a new company
strategic alliances
collaboration
license
allow another to use its products/ knowledge for a fee
franchise
A provide expertise and brand to B and B provides investment
sub-contracting
delagating task to anthoer to save cost
agents
use external representative to sell products or services
brand competitor
Burger king vs mcdonald
industry competitor
online vs traditional
generic competitor
music vs netflix
form competitor
matches vs cigarette lighters
deposits
Where: Bank accounts, other financial institutions.
Term: Flexible, from overnight to 5 years.
Returns: Higher yield than Treasury bills.
Availability: Accessible from banks, local authorities, and building societies.
certificates of deposit
Issuer: Mainly commercial banks.
Term: Fixed, between 1 month and 5 years.
Interest: Fixed rate.
Liquidity: Can be sold before maturity in the CD market.
treasury bills
Issuer: Debt Management Office of HM Treasury.
Term: Short, 1 to 6 months.
Security: Very secure and liquid, but low returns.
Investment Minimum: £500,000+.
Liquidity: Can be cashed by selling in the discount market.
gilts
Issuer: Debt Management Office.
Term: Long-term (5 to 50 years).
Interest Rates: Based on money market rates.
bonds
Issuer: Companies (debentures/loans) and quoted on the Stock Exchange.
Interest Rates: Fluctuate with general interest rates, offering good liquidity.
commercia paper
Issuer: Large companies (IOUs).
Maturity: Can hold until maturity or sell to third parties before maturity.
Note 
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