Quiz 4

EMB agar

eosin methylene blue agar

EMB agar purpose

to differentiate between possible and probable fecal coliform

EMB agar recipe

peptone, lactose, eosin, methylene blue

general growth

EMB: peptone

EMB: lactose

fermentable sugar, acid production, differential

EMB: eosin and methylene blue

color indicators, inhibit the growth of gram-positive bacteria, selective and differential

what makes the EMB agar differential

lactose, eosin, methylene blue

what makes the EMB agar selective

eosin and methylene blue

EMB: metallic sheen; dark purple

probable coliforms, E. coli

EMB: growth is colorless

doesn't ferment lactose, uses peptones; so doesn't produce acid products giving colorless growth; gram-negative bacteria use peptones

EMB: pink

possible coliforms

EMB: no growth

gram-positive bacteria, can't grow in media due to eosin and methylene blue

multiple tube fermentation purpose

to presumptively identify coliform bacteria in a water sample

coliforms

gram-negative rods that ferment lactose and produce gas and acidic products

coliform morphology

bacillus rod

beta-galactosidase

what do coliforms produce that ferments lactose

coliform examples

Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae

feces and intestines

where can coliforms be found

why is water tested for coliforms

these bacteria are not naturally found in water, so if coliforms are in water then the water has been contaminated with fecal matter

selective media

has ingredients that can inhibit the growth of some microbes but not all

differential media

ingredients that help differentiate microbes based on their biochemical activities

LTB

lauryl tryptose broth

gas production

what are we looking for in an LTB test

LTB recipe

tryptose, lactose, sodium lauryl sulfate

LTB: tryptose

general growth

LTB: lactose

fermentable sugar, when the bacteria ferments lactose it can produce acids and gas, differential

LTB: sodium lauryl sulfate

detergent that inhibits gram-positive bacteria because coliform are gram-negative, selective

lactose

what makes the BGLB broth differential

sodium lauryl sulfate

what makes the BGLB broth selective

durham tube

where do we collect gas in the LTB

37˚C

temperature incubate the LTB

LTB positive result

turbid and gas production, presumptive coliform

BGLB broth

brilliant green lactose bile broth

BGLB broth recipe

peptones, lactose, brilliant green, bile salts

BGLB broth purpose

determine if coliforms are present

BGLB: lactose

fermentable sugars and gas production, differential

BGLB: peptones

general growth

BGLB: brilliant green and bile salts

inhibit gram-positive bacteria, selective

lactose

what makes BGLB broth differential

brilliant green and bile salts

what makes BGLB broth selective

37˚C

temperature incubate BGLB broth

durham tube

where do we see gas production from lactose fermentation in the BGLB broth

BGLB broth positive result

gas production, probable coliform

EC broth purpose

determine if Escherichia coli is present

45˚C

temperature incubate EC broth in water bath to inhibit the growth of other coliforms except E. coli

EC broth recipe

pancreatic digest of casein, lactose, bile salts

EC broth: pancreatic digest of casein

general growth

EC broth: lactose

fermentable sugar producing acid products and gas, differential

EC broth: bile salts

inhibit gram-positive bacteria

lactose

what makes the EC broth differential

bile salts and 45˚C

what makes the EC broth selective

durham tube

where do we see gas production in the EC broth

EC broth positive result

gas and turbidity

fungi

chemoheterotrophs, multicellular and unicellular, asexual spores or sexual spores, energy through absorption

chemotrophs

use chemicals to obtain energy and carbon

absorption

how do fungi acquire carbon and other nutrients

yeasts

unicellular fungi

mycology

study of fungi

chitin

some fungi have cell walls made out of this

mold

eukaryote, multicellular, make spores, septate hyphae, nonseptate hyphae,

mycelium

mass of hyphae

septate hypahe

contains cross-walls

nonseptate hyphae

do not contain septa (cross-walls)

coenocytic hyphae

what are nonseptate hyphae also known as

hyphae

what are molds composed of

vegetative hyphae

absorption of nutrients, to get energy

Ariel hyphae

"reproductive hyphae", hold the spores

yeasts

nonfilamentous, unicellular, fission yeasts, budding yeasts

fission yeasts

divide symmetrical, shape of fungi is the same

budding yeasts

divide asymmetrically, shape isn't the same; pseudohyphae

pseudohyphae

false hyphae, results from a bud that fails to detach

opportunistic pathogen

takes advantage the you might have another infections

Candida albicans

yeast that is an opportunistic pathogen

Rhizopus stolonifer

bread mold, asexual spores: sporangiospore, sexual spores: zygospores

sporangispore

Rhizopus stolonifer asexual spores

sporangium

Rhizopus stolonifer sac of asexual spores

zygospores

Rhizopus stolonifer sexual spores

how are Rhizopus stolonifer zygospores produced

result from he fusion of two nuclei from a + and a - mating strain of the same species

mature zygosporangium

what carried Rhizopus stolonifer zygospores

Penicillium notatum

asexually produces penicillin, asexual spores: conidia, arranged in chains at the end of the conidiophore

why can't Penicillium notatum go through sexual reproduction

lost ability to sexually reproduce

conidiophore

the aerial hyphae conidia are attached to

Aspergillus niger

conidia arranged at the end of a conidiophore, aspergillosis, opportunistic pathogen

aspergillosis

allegies and fungus balls

Aspergillus niger

fungi that is an opportunistic pathogen

protozoa

eukaryotic, single-celled, inhabit water and soil, trophozoite and cyst, asexual and sexual reproduction, some are pathogens

trophozoite

active feeding stage, cause disease

cyst

dormant stage, similar to endospore but not as resistant

protozoa asexual reproduction

binary fission, budding, schizogony

Trichomoniasis

doesn't make a cyst, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis in the vagina and urethra; green yellow discharge, foul odor, itching and irritation, transmitted through sexual intercourse, treated by metronidazole

epidemiology

transmission

Trichomoniasis motility

flagella and undulating membrane

stomach

excystement begins, cyst turns into a troph, hydrochloric acid environment

small intestine

encystment is complete and the troph is released; more nutrients, better environment for troph

large intestine

encystment occurs, troph turns into a cyst; less water and less nutrients

Amoebiasis

motility: pseudopods, caused by Entamoeba histolytica; diarrhea, abdominal pain, dysentery; pathogenesis: troph invades intestinal cells and produces cytotoxin which may cause intestinal ulcer; oral/fecal transmission; treated by metronidazole

Balantidiasis

caused by Balantidium coli which produces cilia for motility; causes severe dysentery; oral/fecal transmission; treated by metronidazole

Giardiasis

caused by Giardia lamblia; prolonged diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps; pathogenesis: attach to intestinal cells causing diarrhea; oral/fecal transmission; treated by metronidazole; campers drinking poopy water

Malaria

no motility; caused by Plasmodium; spiking fever, chills, vomiting, severe headache; anopheles mosquito vector transmission; treated by chloroquine; schizont and ring stage

Plasmodium falciparum

most severe disease, 50% morality; severe amnesia, kidney and liver damage, lead to death