Unit 3 (Units 5 & 6) AP World History Vocab Review

Capitalism

An economic system based on private ownership of capital

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Commercialization

introducing a new product into the market

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Mechanization

the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

water frame

powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

working class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion.

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Union Pacific Railroad

(USG) , railroad that started in Omaha, Nebraska and it connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah; hired Chinese immigrants

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825.

single export economies

Countries who rely on one product as their main source of income

United Fruit Company

U.S. corporation that controlled the banana trade in much of Latin America

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

is a prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

consent of the governed

The idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people.

Constitutionalism

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

Natural Rights

the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island.

Latin American Revolutions

Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.

Simon de Bolivar

Venezuelan-born general called "the Liberator" for his assistance in helping Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela win independence from Spain.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s.

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

British Raj

The name for the British government's military rule of India between 1858 and 1947.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium.

Tanzimat Reforms

A set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Spheres of Influence in China

one country would have special authority or presence and another country would have a different area of authority. China became divided by European powers.

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

Commander in the Ottoman army in early 1800s and whose loyal followers executed the Mamluk leaders. In the power vacuum created, he orchestrated the establishment of the modern state of Egypt through adoption of a western model of government [bureaucracy, streamline economics, and develop a modern military]

Balkan Wars

Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria took Macedonia from the Ottomans in 1912. Serbia then fought Bulgaria in the second Balkan War in 1913 Austria intervened to stop the war. These wars were mostly territorial and were a precursor to World War I.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Philippine-American War

armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from 1899-1902. It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.

Maroon Societies

Communities formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American. and the United States.

Meji Restoration

The restoration of the Emperor Meiji to power in Japan, overthrowing the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868.

Iwakura Mission

Japanese scholars went to Europe and US to gain knowledge

First Sino-Japanese War

conflict between China and Japan in 1894-1895 over control of Korea

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Millenarianism

The doctrine of or belief in a future thousand-year age of blessedness, beginning with or culminating in the Second Coming of Christ. It is central to the teaching of groups such as Plymouth Brethren, Adventists, Mormons, and Jehovah's Witnesses.

Wovoka and the Ghost Dance

A peaceful form of resistance. A dance that was meant to communicate to with their ancestors. Wovoka wanted it to be peaceful and nonviolent for everyone to come together as a community.

Convict labor

A system of penal labor practiced in the Southern United States, beginning after the emancipation of slaves at the end of the American Civil War in 1865 to about around 1880

Enclaves

Any small and relatively homogeneous group or region surrounded by another larger and different group or region

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Anglo-Zulu War

War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. From complex beginnings, the war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of colonialism in the region. The war ended the Zulu nation's independence.(1879)

Cherokee Nation

Native American tribe that was forced to leave their land because of the Indian Removal Act

Taiping Rebellion

a mid-19th century rebellion against the Qing Dynasty in China, led by Hong Xiuquan

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written