Byzantine Final

Anna Commena

Byzantine princess, author of the Alexiad (an account of her fathers reign, Alexios I Komnemos)

Anna Dalassene

Byzantine noble woman who played an important role in the Komnenoi rise to power. As augusta, she bestowed the title of emperor on her son, Alexios I

The Alexiad

Primary source written by Anna about Alexios I’s reign

Armenia

Center of literature, converted to Orthodoxy early and easily; becomes its own branch of Orthodoxy and doesn’t trust other branches. Non Chalcedonian- so they distrust the Byzantine orthodoxy but they also distrust monophysites, the coptic egyptian christians. Develop a rich historiographical tradition. Their churches has an independent head (autocephalus) and the head of their church’s name is cathilicos patriarch. They use unleavened bread, Orthodox use leavened.

Avars

They are from the Northern caucuses ; they conquered other nomadic tribes on the behalf of the Byzantines; they are nomadic themselves

Basilica

long rectangular church, differs from centrally planned

Boris

Was a ruler of the first Bulgarian empire; converted; godfather to emperor Michael III of the Byzantine Empire

Bosphorus Strait

Body of water between Constantinople and Galata

Bulgaria/Bulgars

* Bulgars were turkic semi nomadic warrior tribes that went to war against the Byzantines multiple times, and eventually became the kingdom of Bulgaria

The Caucuses

The mountainous region to the east of the Black Sea and West of the Caspian Sea

Chora Church

Church that was built as a monastery in the Eastern Roman empire that was dedicated to Jesus; has since become a mosque

Council of florence/ferrera

Council of Florence: 17th ecumenical council; took place during the rise of the Ottoman empire

* Question of papal supremacy

Council of ferrera: Attempt to bridge schism between Catholic and orthodox churches (about pope)

Crusade of Varna 1444

Unsucessful military campaign mounted by multiple European powers to halt Ottoman expansion

Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius

Two Byzantine missionaries to the Slavs, responsible for large Slavic conversion also translated the Bible to the Slavic languages

Empire of Nicaea

Successor kingdom of the Byzantine empire after the crusaders had sacked it; Nicaea is the religious capital of the empire; they join the Seljuks to fight the Mongols (they lost)

Epirus

North Mainland of greece; one of the 3 successor kingdoms

Filioque

Added part of the Nicene creed, incorporated by the catholic church, rejected by the orthodox church; refers to the Son with the Father as one shared origin of the Holy Spirit (and from the Son)

* contributes to Great Schism

The First Crusade (1095)

Goal was to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule; the Seljuk takeover of the region threatened the local Christian population

* Crusade began when Alexios I Komnenos asked for help from Pope Urban II who called for Christians to undertake an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem

The Fourth Crusade (1204)

Pope Innocent III called upon the crusade against the Egyptian sultanate in an attempt to get the holy land; the crusaders army sieged Zara and sacked Constantinople with Venice’s help and then displaced the Byzantine empire’s government and established the Latin kingdom of Constantinople

Galata

A Genoese colony; has the Galata tower, a large citadel, which can be utilized in battle

Genoa

Italian trade kingdom that rivaled Venice and is in Northwest Italy

Georgia

Kingdom in the caucuses. Lazic is the Easter sub kingdom and Iberia is the western sub kingdom, they united to form Georgia. Christianized early, converted by St. Nino

St. Nino

Byzantine slave in Iberia who heals and subsequently converts Iberia

Gesso

Goes over wooden panel and picks up egg tempera paint; used in icon writing

Golden Horn

Little inlet on the side of Constantinople; acts as Constantinople’s port and is defended by a chain

Grand prince of Moscow

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The title of the ruling prince of the Russ

Great Schism (1054)

Catholic church breaks off from the Eastern Orthodox church

* The orthodox church didn’t like the Pope
* The orthodox church uses leavened bread and the catholic church uses unleavened
* Rome was not pleased with Constantinople’s superior status
* and the Filioque/ procession of the Holy Spirit

Greek Fire

Mysterious incendiary concoction, ignited upon contact with water (used in naval battle to destroy ships quickly); often utilized by the Byzantines

Holy trinity Icon

Created by Andrei Rublev

* Depicts the 3 guests of Abraham that represent the Trinity

Iconostasis

A screen bearing icons separating the sanctuary from the nave

Isidore of Kiev

Served as the metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ in the patriarchate of Constantinople

Ivan III (the great)

Ivan III of Moscow (Ivan the Great); the first to be named Tzar (Caesar) and tried to make Moscow the third Rome; He converted to orthodoxy and married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor

John of Damascus

Grew up within the Umyyad Caliphate (his father worked for govt and he was friends with the caliph); Christian Monk in Muslim territory (Syria); Wrote In Defense of Icons

Kievan Rus

Coalition of Rus tribes united into one nation

* Weird relationship with the Byzantine Empire

Krum

Khan of Bulgaria; doubled the size of Bulgaria during his reign

Khan

A title given to rulers of Central Asian descent (ex. Turkic, Mongols, TARTARS)

Lazica

Western kingdom that combined with Iberia to form Georgia

Lithuania

Northeastern European kingdom

* Rivaled Moscow
* Started out Orthodox and then converted to Catholicism

Mandylion

Jesus’s face imprinted onto a napkin (the first icon)

Mehmed II

Also known as the Conqueror. Came into power in the 15th century, successfully sieged Constantinople and expanded the Ottoman Empire. Ruled for 30 years.

Monastery of the caves

Monastery in Kiev with underground network of monastic cells

Mongols

Central Asian nomadic horsemen conquerors

* Destroy the Kievan Rus & sponsored Moscow

Murad II

Sultan that bolstered the economic circumstances of the Ottoman Empire. He expanded trade. His son was Mehmed II.

Olga

10th Century Kievian Saint, wife of Igor. First female ruler in Russia, first ruler in kiev to adopt Christianity

Ottomans

Descendants of Seljuks on the eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire. Rapidly climbed the ranks and established themselves, expanding from a small tribe to a full blown empire. 1453-1922. Had the first ever standing army (janissaries)

Palaiologan Renaissance

Renaissance during the Palaiologoi dynasty, the last dynasty of the Byzantine Empire

* Hagia Sophia started to get restored at this time

Pechenegs

Semi-nomadic Oghuz turkic peoples

Peter the Iberian

Prince of the kingdom of Georgia who was a diplomatic hostage in Constantinople before becoming a monk in Jerusalem.

San Marco Basilica Venice

Big basilica in Venice, designed like an Eastern Orthodox church; built when Venice was a puppet state of the Byzantine Empire

Seljuk Turks

Nomadic tribes of Central Asian descent, branch of Oguz turks; expanded into the eastern borders of the Byzantine Empire in Anatolia

Second Council of Nicaea (787)

Restored icons, called for by empress Irene

Sultanate of Rum

Established by the Seljuk turks after the Battle of Manzikert as they conquered Byzantine territory (tried to become another Rome)

Tetragamy Controversy

Leo VI, conceived a son with his concubine Zoe, but was met with resistance when he tried to legitimize the child by marrying Zoe, who would have been his 4th wife

Theodora (wife of Theopholis)

Reagent for their young son, Michael III, following his father’s death.

Timur

Conqueror who founded the Timurid Empire, was a turko-mongol

Trebizond

One of the three successor states of the Byzantine Empire. Remained independent and did not seek to reclaim Constantinople.

Triumph of Orthodoxy

The final defeat of iconoclasm on the first Sunday of Lent in 843

Varangians

Vikings that may have turned into the Rus’

Venice

Rich trading kingdom in Italy; ruled by a doge, acted as a republic; Genoa’s rival

Vladimir of Kiev

Made the Varangian’s the Rus’ and converted to marry the daughter of a Byzantine emperor and Christianized the Rus’; praised Hagia Sophia “no longer knew if we were on heaven or on earth”

Yaroslav the Wise

Grand prince of Kiev, son of Vladimir the Great; Built Saint Sophia Cathedral and weakened Byzantine influence on the region

zoe Karbonopsina

Princess with “coal black eyes”; fourth wife to Leo VI and mother of Constantine VII

Zoe Palaiologina

Byzantine Princess, member of the Palaiologoi family; 2nd wife of Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow

Constantine V (741-745)

Supported the iconoclasm and opposed monasticism. Strong military leader.

Constantine VI (780-797)

Irene’s son, generally a weak leader and named his mother empress after some time

Irene (797-802)

Regent over Constantine VI; was an iconophile; officially named empress by her son

Basil I the Macedonian (867-886)

He was a peasant that rose to prominence; friends with Michael III, killed him and established a new dynasty.

Leo VI the Wise (886-912)

Second ruler of the Macedonian dynasty

Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (913-920; 944-959)

Born in purple; Zoe Karbonspina’s son

Romanos I Lekapenos

Byzantine emperor who served as regent for young Constantine VII

* Fought against: Bulgaria, Abbasids, and fought off Kievan Rus invaders w/Greek fire

Alexius I Comnenos

father of Anna comnenos, called for the first crusade

Baldwin Count of Flanders

* Frenchman who was named emperor of the Latins by the Pope following the crusades

Theodore I Laskaris

First emperor of the empire of Nicaea

* Evoked a church council to elect a new orthodox patriarch of Constantinople based in Nicaea

Michael VIII Palaeologus

* Recovered Constantinople from the Latin empire and restored the Byzantine empire
* Expanded the Byzantine army and navy
* Palailogos- Trash man/garbage collector

Andronikos II Palaeologus

* Reigned as Byzantine emperor; marks the final decline before the empire was conquered by the Turks
* Fought in the first Palaeologus civil war against his own grandson

Manuel II

* Byzantine emperor who became a monk shortly before his death
* Father of Constantine XI and John VIII Palaeologus

John VIII Palaeologus

* Eldest brother of Constantine and second to last emperor

Constantine XI

* Last Byzantine emperor to rule
* Expanded territory under his rule and fended off an attack from Morea
* He and John VIII believed that Catholics and the Orthodox ought to join in order to fend off the Ottomans (populace did not agree)

Baghdad

Which city was the cultural and economic center of the Islamic Golden Age?

Justinian I

Under what emperor was the Hagia Sophia built?

The Blue Mosque

What mosque sits across from and was built to surpass the Hagia Sophia?

Ahura Mazda

What is the name of the prime god of Zoroastrianism?

Emperor Theodosius I

At who’s funeral did St. Ambrose tell the story of Augusta Helena’s discovery of the true cross?

Leonidas

Who wrote the only surviving hagiography of St. John the Almsgiver?

True

St. John the Almsgiver served as the Chalcedonian patriarch of Alexandria

Athens

Where was Irene originally from?

Secured the Byzantine Empire militarily

Negotiated a marriage proposal with the Franks

Presides over the Second Council of Nicaea

What were three prominent things from Irene’s reign as regent?

Alcuin of York

Who is our best source on Western Iconography at the time of John of Damascus

Umayyad

Which Islamic Caliphate did John of Damascus grow up under?

Vladimir the Great

This Kieven Rus leader ordered a mass baptism in the Dnieper River after his personal conversion?

True

While restoring the Saint Sophia Cathedral, intricate mosaics were completed with oil paintings

30

How many steps are in John Climacus’ Ladder of Divine Ascent?

St. Catherine’s monastery at Mt. Sinai

At what famous monastery did John Climacus live?

Shared Orthodox Religion

What was the main connection between Moscow and Byzantium?

Niece of Emperor

Raised in Rome

Introduced Greek Moralistic Literature

How was Sophia (Wife of Ivan III) significant

Women can surpass their sex or there is no gender when you become a Christian or one could become a man

What was one of the theological views mentioned in the presentation related to gender?

Elizabeth the Wonder Worker

What female Saint was able to defeat a dragon with the cross?

Lion

What animal helped Zomias (Zosima) bury St. Mary Egypt?

Theotokos

What sign did St. Mary of Egypt see that helped her convert?

Fourth Century Christian slave in Georgia who helped convert the kingdom

Who was St. Nino?