cardio: just drugs

sodium channel blocker antiarrhythmic drugs

-lidocaine

-mexiletine

-procainamide

-quinidine

lidocaine

-drug of choice for PVC control

-decreases ectopic foci

-IV because strong first pass effect

-cats more sensitive

-high dose = excitement and seizures

true or false: lidocaine + epinephrine is used ONLY for local anesthesia

true

mexiletine

-PO

-long term antiarrhythmic

-dogs

procainamide

-control ventricular foci and atrial fibrillation/flutter

-small animals

quinidine

-horse atrial fibrillation or flutter

-increases HR

beta blocker antiarrhythmics

-propanolol

-atenolol

-esmolol

-metoprolol

propanolol (Ideral)

-Beta 1 antagonist

-prevent norepinephrine from reaching site and increasing HR and force

-decreases ectopic foci activity

-allow PSNS to dominate

-decreased HR, decreased conduction

-blocks bronchodilation effect

digoxin

-older drug

-positive inotropic agent (increased the cardiac muscle force of contraction)

-can control ventricular tachycardia

positive inotropic drugs and inodilators

-catecholamines (epinephrine, dobutamine)

-pimobendan

-digoxin

dobutamine

-positive inotropic

-only used for short-term boost to the heart’s force

pimobendan

-inodilator

-used for advanced heart failure

-do not use in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

vasodilator drugs

-amlodipine

-hydralazine

-nitroglycerin

-nitroprusside

-enalapril

amlodipine

-both dogs and cats

-for hypotension

-calcium channel blocker drug making contraction decrease (vasodilation)

hydralazine

-direct arteriolar smooth muscle relaxant

-relieves left sided heart failure

nitroglycerin

-relaxes blood vessels, allowing blood to “pool”

-decrease pulmonary edema caused by heart failure

-extensive first pass effect

-often topical

nitroprusside

-short term mixed vasodilator to stabilize severe dyspnea due to pulmonary edema

-dogs and cats

-IV

-be careful with hypotensive animals

ACE inhibitors (-april)

-enalapril approved for veterinary use

-blocks release of aldosterone and subsequent sodium and water retention in blood

-improve proper blood flow in animal with left AV valve disease

-avoid in animals with pre-existing kidney disease/hypotension from CHF

-makes hyperkalemia worse

-use with caution in hyponatremia

diuretic drugs

-furosemide (Lasix)

-chlorothiazide

-hydrochlorothiazide

-spironolactone

-acetazolamide

furosemide (Lasix)

-most commonly used diuretic

-AKA loop diuretic b/c main action is within Loop of Henle

-Na+ blocked from being reabsorbed

-with prolonged use, body could become hypokalemic

-controversial with EIPH

-ototoxicity in cats

-head tilt or nystagmus

chlorothiazide and hydrochlorothiazide

-used when second diuretic is needed

-thiazides less effective

-works at distal convoluted tubule

spironolactone

-blocks aldosterone effect

-less sodium reabsrobed —> diuresis

mannitol

-large sugar molecule with a strong osmotic force

-not reabsorbed from urine

-reduce cerebral edema caused by head trauma

-”flush” renally excreted poisons out via kidneys

acetazolamide

-decrease production of aqueous humor within globe of eye

-reduce glaucoma

aspirin

-inhibit platelet stickiness/aggregation

-cats