AP world unit 6

Manifest Destiny

By the 1840’s Westward Expansion was well underway, US citizens spoke of this idea that stated the US was destined to expand across the North American continent to pacific and beyond

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Westward expansion bought settlers west of the Mississippi River onto Indian territory, they forced removal of many Indian tribes

Trail of Tears

800 mile Cherokee removal, famous for thousands of deaths from disease, starvation, and difficulties of relocation

Battle of Little Bighorn

In 1876, when thousands of Lakota Sioux and their allies defeated an army under the command of colonel George Armstrong Custer

Wounded Knee

Represented the place where “A people’s dream died” as one Native American Leader put harsh treatment of natives

Mexican American War

Started by developing tensions from westward expansion between Mexicans and Americans, US took possession of over ½ of all Mexican territory, lots of battles and conflict

US civil war

Southern states withdrew from the Union, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation, Long 2 year bloody war, 13th amendment abolished slavery, North prevailed and ensured the US would remain politically United after the war, whole war was to end slavery

Emancipation Proclamation

Five days after Union victory of Antietam, Lincoln issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation, final version freed enslaved people in the states that had rebelled, Union states kept slavery during this period

British North America Act 1867

Joined Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick and recognized them as the Dominion of Canada

Dominion of Canada

The term Dominion signaled the continary connection of Canada to the British government, under the arrangement, each province had its own seat in government, legislative, and lieutenant, governor, the act created a federal government

Caudillos

Regional Military leader came to power in much of Latin America

Benito Juarez

Led a liberal reform movement and attempted to reshape Mexican society, Mexican of indigenous ancestry, led a reform and wanted to create a rural middle class

US migrants

After the mid 19th century, European migrants flocked to North America where they filled the factories which improved the growing industrial economy there, By 1850’s 2.3 million Europeans migrated to the US for industrial reasons but also for California gold

Railroads

The most important development of the late 19th century was the construction of railroad lanes that ranked all of the US and created on integrated national economy, railroad helped with the spread of resources

Reconstruction

Northern Forces sent armies of occupation to the south and forced them to establish a place formally for enslaved people, thorough the process reconstruction, reconstruction helped black people’s rights

Seneca falls convection

When feminists issued a declaration of sentiments demanding equal political’s economic rights

Gauchos

“cowboys” Sarmiento admired their bravery and independent, were mixed rule, lived off of skih and needed horses to survive

Hong Xiuquan

Chinese religious (1814-1864) who sparked the taiping uprising and won millions to his unique form of Christianity, he believed himself to be the younger brother of Jesus

Taiping Rebellion

Devastated china between 1850-1864, based on millennial teachings of Hong Xiuquan

Cixi

Commander of the Dowager express in China (Supporter of the Boxer Rebellion)

Ottoman Economic Problems

The ottomans had no presence once trade shifted to the Atlantic, they had to rely on loans outside the empire and couldn’t afford interests

Greek and Serbian independence

Russian forces took over poorly defended territories in Caucasus and in Asia which led to independence

Muhammad Ali

Built a powerful army modeled on European forces and ruled Egypt from 1805-1848, I. 1820 he established himself effectively as the leader of Egypt and included Syria and Anatovia in 1839

Capitulations

Agreements that exempted European visitors from ottoman law, provided Europeans with extra territoriality

Mahmud ll

Became sultan (1808-1839) and ensured that reforms weren’t dangerous and that it would restore the Ottomans traditional military

Tanzimat

The recgganication era (1836-1876) drew inspiration from the enlightenment and constituted foundations of Western European states

Opposition to Tanzimat

Tanzimat provoked spirited opposition from several distinct quarters, harsh criticism came from religious conservatives, argued reforms posed a threat to empires

Young Ottomans

Didn’t share a common political or religious program, their views ranged from secular revolution to uncompromising, agitated for individual freedom, wanted a constitutional government

Young Turks

Called for universal suffrage equality before law, freedom of religion, free public education, secularization of the state, and the emancipation of women

Crimean War

(1853-1881) Clearly revealed the weakness of the Russian empire, which could hold its own against ottoman and Qing forces but not against the industrial powers of Europe (Ottomans Vs. Russians), ottomans win

Alexander ll

(1855-1881) Suggested to the nobility of Moscow and issued the emancipation Manifesto-Russia

Emancipation of the Serfs

Granted liberty to some 23 million serfs, this freedom encomposed the right to own property, gained opportunities to obtain land

Zemstovs

To deal with local issues of health, education, and welfare, gov created elected district assemblies

Trans Siberian Railway

Opened Siberia to large scale settlement, exploitation and industrialization mainly to rise domestic capital for the industry

Industrial Conditions

Employees kept wages of overworked and poorly housed workers at the barest minimum, government limited work days to 11.5 hours

Pograms

Anti-Jewish riots by subjects jealous of their Jewish neighbors success in business affairs, Jews fled Russia and relocated to West Europe

Nicholas ll

A well intentioned but weak ruler in Russia who championed oppression and police control, resigned (1894-1917)

Russo Japanese War

Began with a surprise Japanese attack on a Russian Nawal Squadron at port Arthur in 1904, Ended with destruction of Russian Army in May 1905

Bloody Sunday

1905, a group of workers marched on the Tsars winter palace in St. Petersburg to petition for Nicholas, government troops met petitions with rifle firing killing 130

Duma

Russian’s first parliamentary instruction lacked power to create or bring down governments from Romanov POV this act was a major concession

Cohong system

Licensed Chinese firms which bought and sold goods at a set price and operated under strict government regulations

Treaty of Nanjing

Ceded Hong Kong island in perpetuity to Britain, opened 5 Chinese ports to commerce and residence, granted extra territoriality to British subjects (result of the opium war)

Taiping Program

Contained many radical features that appealed to discontent subjects, including abolition of private property

Self Strengthening Movement

South to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology, empowered with imperial grants (as a result of the treat of Nanjing and opium wars)

Hundred Day reforms

Scholars published a series treaties reinterpreting Confucian thoughts in a way that justified radical changes in the imperial systems

Meiji Restoration

Tokugawa was doomed due to recent civil war so Mutsunuito took them with reigns of power, most eventful period in Japan’s history (US opened trading ports with Japan)

Meiji Reforms

Returned authority to the Japanese emperor and brought an end to the series of military governments that dominated Japan since 1185 (marked the birth of a new Japan)