thermodynamics

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

Founder of modern chemistry

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

Analysis of combustion process

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier

proposed the name oxygen

Rudolf Clausius

A German physicist and one of the founders of thermodynamics, known for formulating the second law of thermodynamics.

Rudolf Clausius

Introduced the property called entropy (the measure of a system’s thermal energy per unit temperature.

Lord Kelvin

Developed the thermodynamic temperature scale.

James Prescott Joule

Establish the equivalence of heat and work.

Nicholas Sadi Carnot

Proposed Carnot Cycle

Nicholas Sadi Carnot

Describe as “father of thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

• means flow of heat in physical and chemical reactions.​

Thermodynamics

is a branch of science which deals with study of different forms of energy. It deals with energy changes in physical and chemical processes.​

System

May be defined as the part of universe selected for thermodynamic consideration ​​

System

To study the effect of temperature, pressure etc.

Open System

mass and energy can be exchanged with surroundings

Closed System

there is only the exchange of energy with surroundings, no exchange of mass takes place.

Isolated System

There is neither exchange of mass nor energy with surrounding.

Intensive Properties

Do not depend on the amount of matter in a sample.(Independent)

Extensive

depend on how much matter a sample contains. (Dependent)

Law of conservation of mass

Mass (m1) entering the system is equal to the sum of the stored mass (△m) and the mass (m2) that leaves the system.

Heat

is the form of energy that is transferred between system or objects with different temperature.

Sensible Heat

Is the heat needed to change the temperature of the body without changing its phase.​

Latent Heat

Is the heat needed by the body to change its phase without changing its temperature.​

Latent heat of Lfusion

solid to liquid

Latent heat of vaporization

Liquid to gas

First law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another.

Second Law of thermodynamics

heat cannot be transferred from cold body to a hot body without an input of work. it similarly states that heat cannot be converted 100% into work.

Third law of thermodynamics

the total entropy of pure substances approaches zero as the absolute thermodynamics temperature approaches zero.

Zeroth Law of thermodynamics

when two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with the third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Non-Flow Process

Is a process that takes place in a closed system.​

Steady-Flow system

Is a process that takes place in an open system in which the quantity of matter within the system is constant.​