Pulmonology

is the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lower respiratory system and chest cavity

pulmonology

treat cancer, infections, diseases, and injuries of the lungs and pleura

pulmonologists

T/F: All of the body’s cells must have a constant oxygen supply to produce energy

true

inhalation or inspiration is when the respiratory system _____ fresh oxygen into the lungs

brings

what passes into the bloodstream

oxygen

what does blood deliver to the cells

oxygen

what kind of waste does blood pick up

carbon dioxide

when carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and is removed from the body it is called

exhalation or expiration

aer/o

air

alveol/o

alveolus (air sac)

bronchiol/o

bronchiole

coni/o

dust

cyan/o

blue

diaphragmat/o

diaphragm

hal/o

to breath

lob/o

lobe

ox/i

oxygen

pneum/o , pulmon/o

lung

spir/o

breathing

thorac/o

chest

tuss/o

cough

angi/o

vessel

atel/o

incomplete

orth/o

straight

the ________ is the tube that carries air from the throat into the chest cavity

trachea

what is commonly called the windpipe

trachea

when the trachea enters the thoracic cavity it divides into the

primary bronchi

the right primary bronchus severs the

right lung

the left primary bronchus serves the

left lung

the bronchi subdivide into ________ and ____________ bronchi

secondary and tertiary bronchi

where are the alveoli found

at the end of bronchioles

an ______ is a thin-walled air sac where oxygen exchange occurs

alveolus

what are surrounded by alveoli

capillaries

where are bronchioles and alveoli housed

in the lungs

what are the paired organs in the thoracic cavity

the lungs

which lung has 3 lobes

right

what are the lobes in the right lung

superior, middle, and inferior

how many lobes does the left lung have

2

what are the lobes in the left lung

superior and inferior

_________ is a double-layered membrane that forms a protective sac around the lungs

pleura

the ____________ pleura lines the thoracic cavity

parietal

the _______ pleura covers the lungs

visceral

folds in the pleura create a space between the two layers called

pleural cavity

Acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxia; also called adult respiratory distress syndrome

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Medication suspended in a mist so that it may be inhaled; often delivered by a nebulizer or metered-dose inhaler

aerosol therapy

Medication to relieve the urge to cough

antitussive

Laboratory test for levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide present in the blood

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected
immediately; some common causes are drowning, foreign body in respiratory tract,
poisoning, and electric shock; also called suffocation

asphyxia, asphyxiation

Inhaling fluid or a foreign object into the airways

aspirate

Disease caused by various conditions, such as allergies, and resulting in bronchospasm, excessive mucus production, inflammation, airway constriction, wheezing, and coughing

asthma

Condition in which lung tissue collapses, preventing respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

atelectasis

Medication that causes bronchi to dilate

bronchodilator

Malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; often associated with a history of cigarette smoking

bronchogenic carcinoma

Combination of external compressions on the sternum and rescue breathing to
maintain blood flow and air movement in and out of the lungs during cardiac and
respiratory arrest

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Taking a radiographic image of the heart and lungs; may be an anterior view, a posterior view, or a lateral view

chest X-ray

Progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible condition in which airflow to and from the lungs is decreased; the patient may have severe dyspnea with exertion and cough; also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Machine that supplies constant and steady air pressure through mask; keeps airways continuously open; common treatment for sleep apnea

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Abnormal rattling or crackling sound made during inhalation; caused by mucus or fluid in the airways; also called rales

crackles

Acute viral infection in infants and children; symptoms include dyspnea and barking cough

croup

Genetic condition that causes the patient to produce very thick mucus resulting in severe congestion within the lungs and the digestive system

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Pulmonary condition with destruction of alveolar walls leading to overinflated alveoli; can occur as result of long-term heavy smoking or exposure to air pollution;
characterized by dyspnea on exertion

emphysema

Placing a tube through the mouth and into the trachea to maintain an open airway

endotracheal intubation (ET)

Medication that improves the ability to cough up mucus from the respiratory tract

expectorant

Technique for removing a foreign body from the trachea or pharynx by exerting sharp pressure on the diaphragm

Heimlich maneuver

To breathe too quickly (tachypnea) and too deeply (hyperpnea)

hyperventilation

To breathe too slowly (bradypnea) and too shallowly (hypopnea)

hypoventilation

Having an insufficient amount of oxygen in the body

hypoxia

Condition seen in premature infants whose lungs have not fully developed; the lungs are not able to expand fully, causing extreme difficulty in breathing; also known as hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)

Acute viral infection of the airways; usually highly contagious; symptoms include chills, fever, body aches, and dry cough

influenza (flu)

Whistling sound that can be heard during either inhalation or exhalation; caused by narrowing of bronchi as in asthma or infection; also called rhonchi

wheeze

Mechanical device to assist a patient to breathe; also called a respirator

ventilator

Nuclear medicine image particularly useful in diagnosing pulmonary emboli; involves inhalation of radioactive tagged air to evaluate air movement (ventilation) and injection of radioactive tagged dye into bloodstream to evaluate blood flow (perfusion) to the lungs

ventilation-perfusion scan

Diagnostic test for exposure to tuberculosis bacteria by injecting purified protein derivative (PPD) under surface of skin and evaluating site for reaction; also called Mantoux test

tuberculin skin tests (TB test)

Infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis; most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification in the lungs

tuberculosis (TB)

Diagnostic test for cystic fibrosis; children with this disease lose an excessive amount of salt in their sweat

sweat test

Unexplained death of an apparently well infant; sleep apnea, airway spasms, and
failure of nerves to stimulate diaphragm have been studied as possible causes

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Examination of sputum for malignant cells

sputum cytology

Testing sputum by placing it on culture medium and observing any bacterial growth;
specimen is tested to determine selection of effective antibiotic

sputum culture and sensitivity (C&S)

Mucus or phlegm coughed up and spit out from the respiratory tract

sputum

Number of breaths per minute; one of the vital signs (other vitals are heart rate,
temperature, and blood pressure)

respiratory rate (RR)

Containing pus, as in purulent sputum

purulent

Diagnostic procedure to assess respiratory function by using a spirometer to measure air flow and lung volumes; often performed by respiratory therapists

pulmonary function test (PFT)

Blood clot or air bubble in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches; results in an infarct of lung tissue

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Condition in which lung tissue retains an
excessive amount of fluid; results in dyspnea

pulmonary edema

Injecting dye into a blood vessel for the purpose of taking X-rays of arteries and veins of the lungs; diagnostic imaging test for pulmonary embolism

pulmonary angiography

Acute inflammatory condition of the lungs which can be caused by bacterial and viral infections, diseases, and chemicals; severe dyspnea and death can result when alveoli fill with fluid (pulmonary infiltrate)

pneumonia

Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which can result in collapse of a lung

pneumothorax

Crunching sound made when inflamed pleurae rub against each other; likened to sound of walking on fresh snow

pleural friction rub

Abnormal presence of fluid or gas in the pleural cavity; can be detected by tapping the chest (percussion) or listening with a stethoscope (auscultation)

pleural effusion

Inflammation of pleura

pleurisy

_________ are thin-walled air sacs at the end of bronchioles.

alveoli

Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity is called __________.

pneumothorax

sputum means

mucus coughed up and spit out