Other Hormones

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A hormone that regulates water balance in the body.

Where is ADH produced and released?

Produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland.

What does ADH do in the kidneys?

Signals kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream.

What effect does ADH have on urine production?

It reduces urine output.

When is ADH released?

During dehydration, high blood salt levels, or low blood pressure.

What does ADH help maintain in the body?

Blood volume and blood pressure.

What happens during exercise that triggers ADH release?

Sweating increases electrolyte concentration in the blood.

What sequence leads to ADH release during exercise?

Sweating increases blood electrolytes → hypothalamus detects change → pituitary releases ADH → kidneys reabsorb water.

What is oestrogen?

A female sex hormone produced by the ovaries.

What roles does oestrogen play in the body?

Regulates reproductive cycles, influences metabolism, and supports bone health.

What happens when oestrogen levels decrease during menopause?

Bone density decreases, inflammation, and joint stiffness may occur.

How does oestrogen affect energy metabolism?

Females tend to rely more on fat as fuel and spare glucose.

What effect does oestrogen have on cholesterol?

It lowers blood cholesterol.

What is progesterone?

A hormone produced mainly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.

What effect does progesterone have on metabolism?

It increases reliance on fat rather than carbohydrates.

What effect does progesterone have on body temperature?

It slightly raises body temperature.

How does progesterone affect the nervous system?

It has calming and sedative effects that promote sleep.

What is testosterone?

The primary male sex hormone produced by the testes.

What are the effects of testosterone on the body?

Promotes muscle growth, bone strength, and male secondary sexual characteristics.

How does testosterone influence muscle development?

It increases protein synthesis and muscle repair.

How does testosterone influence oxygen transport?

It stimulates erythropoietin production which increases red blood cell formation.