Hormones

What hormones are released from the adrenal medulla?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine increase?

HR, force of contraction and BP, bronchodilation

—> this increases blood flow to heart, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue

Which hormones are produced by the pancreas?

Insulin and glucagon.

What do insulin and glucagon regulate?

blood sugar concentration

What is the function of insulin?

Insulin assists glucose entry into cells.

What does glucagon do?

Stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the blood.

What is oestrogen?

a female sex hormone released from the ovaries

What effect does a decrease in oestrogen levels during menopause have?

Decreased bone density, joint stiffness, inflammation, the composition and production of synovial fluid, influences metabolism, muscular function and body composition

When is progesterone produced?

during the luteal phase from the ovaries

How does progesterone affect fuel utilization?

Promotes a greater reliance on fat rather than carbohydrates.

What is the calming effect of progesterone?

It has a calming and sedative effect on the central nervous system.

What is testosterone?

a male sex hormone released from testes

What does testosterone help with?

bone formation, muscle growth and repair (protein synthesis)

What does testosterone aid in the production of?

Erythropoietin, which ensures enough oxygen-carrying red blood cells.

What regulates fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood?

ADH produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland

What is the role of ADH?

Signals the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream.

When is ADH released?

In response to dehydration, high blood salt levels, or low blood pressure.

1. What does exercise increases?

Sweat rate.

2. What does sweating cause?

an increase in concentration of electrolytes in the blood

3. What is this increase detected by?

the hypothalamus

4. What does the hypothalamus send?

a signal to the pituitary gland

5. What does the pituitary gland secrete?

ADH into the blood to act on the kidneys

6. What do the kidneys then do?

reabsorb more water and produce less urine

GHRH

growth hormone-releasing hormone

What does GHRH stimulate?

The anterior pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormones into the bloodstream

GHIH

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

What does GHIH inhibit?

the release of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary gland ensuring growth hormone levels are balanced to the body’s needs