Biology Chapter 3

Geometric Isomers

isomers in which the order of atom bonding is the same but the arrangement of atoms in space is different (trans and cis)

Structural Isomers/positional isomers

differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms

optical isomers (enantiomers)

molecules that are mirror images of each other

Carbon bonded to 4 different atoms/groups

Why enantiomers occur

Hydrophilic

Polar molecules are...

Hydrophobic

Nonpolar molecules are...

Hydroxyl

OH functional group

Carbonyl

C=O functional group

Carboxyl

COOH Functional Group

Amino

NH2 Functional group

Phosphate

PO4 Functional Group

Methyl

CH3 Functional group

sulfihydryl

SH Functional group

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Dimer

monomer+monomer

Polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water

Hydrolysis reaction

How to break down a polymer

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

3 monosaccharides

C6H12O6

chemical formula for glucose, fructose, and galactose

Aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.

Aldose

a monosaccharide that contains an aldehyde group

Ketone group

A chemical group consisting of carbonyl (must be in middle of chain) (called a ketose)

structural isomers

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are...

1:2:1

ratio of C:H:O

Maltose

glucose + glucose

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

Lactose

glucose + galactose

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose. (in leaves, stem, roots)

Glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals (in muscles and liver)

Chitin

Polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls.

Cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

peptidoglycan

A carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria.

lipids, protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

macromolecules

storage molecules or structural compounds

Polysaccharides may function as

hydrophilic

all carbohydrates are hydro....

Oxygen

What makes a molecule hydrophilic

Lipids

macromolecule that contains carbon and hydrogen, but very little oxygen(are usually hydrophobic)

long term energy storage

lipids are used for

Fats and Oils(triglycerides), phospholipids, steroids, and waxes

the 4 types of lipids

Monomers

Lipids are not built from

Dehydration reaction

a fatty acid can link to glycerol by

1 glycerol linked to 3 fatty acids

a fat contains...

a double bond

unsaturated fats have...

kinks/bends in structure

double bonds in fatty acids lead to

Fatty acid

long chain hydrocarbon

Solid at room temp, mostly seen in animals

Saturated fats are...

Corn oil, peanut oil, olive oil

Unsaturated fats

Hydrogenated

___ means that hydrogen has been added to unsaturated fats.

trans

Hydrogenation creates __ fats

Structurally similar to fats, major component of all cells

Phospholipids are...

Two fatty acids attached to glycerol, phosphate

phospholipids contain...

hydrophilic

phosphate in phospholipids are hydro...

saturated

cold adapted organisms have more ___ fat

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

cholesterol

starting material for making steroids and a common component in animal cell membranes

sex hormones

a type of steroid

anabolic steroids

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone; causes buildup of muscle

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

wax

A type of structural lipid that forms a waterproof coat and keeps insects or fruits from drying out