Hormones

Epinephrine + Norepinephrine

Released from adrenal medulla

Increases heart rate, force of contraction and blood pressure

Increases blood flow to the heart, liver, skeletal muscl3e and adipose tissue

Bronchodilation

Insulin + Glucagon

Produced by pancreas

Regulates blood sugar concentration

Insulin assists glucose entry into cells

Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to release glucose into the blood

Antidiuretic hormone

Secreted by the pituitary gland

Regulates fluid and electrolyte balance in the blood by reducing urine production

Oestrogen

Female sex hormone

Secreted by the ovaries

Decrease in oestrogen levels (during menopause) can lead to:

Decrease in bone density (joint stiffness)

Affect the composition and production of synovial fluid (joint stiffness)

Inflammation (joint stiffness and discomfort)

Influence metabolism, muscular fitness and body composition

Females rely more on fat as sources of fuel and spare more glucose

Lower blood cholesterol and help our body store glycogen

Progesterone

Produced during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

Shift in fuel utilization

--> greater reliance on fat rather than carbohydrates

Promotes higher body temperatures

Calming and sedative effect on the central nervous system

Contributes to feelings of relaxation and drowsiness promoting falling asleep

Testosterone

Male sex hormone

Released by testes

Helps with bone formation making them stronger

Aids in muscle growth and repair through protein synthesis

Helps in production of erythropoietin which ensures the body has enough oxygen carrying red blood cells

ADH

Produce by hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland

Signals the kidney's to reabsorb more water into the bloodstream, reducing water loss in urine

Maintains blood volume and pressure

Released in response to dehydration, high blood salt levels or low blood pressure

--> helps the body retain water and restore balance

1. Exercise leads to increase in sweat rate

2. Sweating causes an increase in concentration of electrolytes in the blood

3. Detected by the hypothalamus

4. Sends a signal to the pituitary gland

5. Pituitary gland secretes ADH into the blood

6. ADH acts on the kidneys

7. Kidneys reabsorb more water and produce less urine

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce and release growth hormones into the bloodstream

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

Inhibits the release of growth hormones from the anterior pituitary gland

Ensures that growth hormone levels are balanced according to the body's needs